Á¦      ¸ñ: °³Çõ½ÅÇаú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ó°ü¼º ¸®Â÷µå °·ºí ¹ø¿ª ¾È¸íÁØ ±³¼ö
ÀÌ      ¸§: ¾È¸íÁØ
ÀÛ¼ºÀÏÀÚ: 2024.11.23 - 00:32
¼¼°èº¹À½ÁÖÀǽÅÇÐȸ °­¿¬¿ø°í
--------------------------

Thank you very much for the honor to speak to you colleagues today. I have a deep personal affection for some of you here, greatly admire the piety of the Korean churches in general and am oftentimes convicted by the diligence of her ministers. May our great God bless our meetings together!

°³Çõ½ÅÇаú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ó°ü¼º


   Richard Gamble (Reformed Theological Seminary)
¹ø¿ª ¾È¸íÁر³¼ö(ÆòÅôëÇб³)

ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´Ü¾îµéÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô Á¤ÀÇÇؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇк¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¿À·¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ºñ±³Àû Çö´ëÀû Çö»óÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¸»À» Á¤ÀÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
I.  º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ

A. ¹è°æÀÇ ±Ù¿ø.
 ³ª´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÇ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ°í ¿µ±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀǸ¦ ÇÇÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ »Ñ¸®´Â ¿þ½½·¹ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ 18¼¼±â ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸¶µµ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ »Ñ¸®´Â 18¼¼±â µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼­ ÀϾ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. µÎ °³ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ¿îµ¿Àº È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô Çö´ë ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀǸ¦ Çü¼º ½ÃÄ×´Ù.
ÀÌ °­¿¬ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ³ª´Â º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ »Ñ¸®´Â ¿µ±¹ °¨¸®±³È¸³ª µ¶ÀÏ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ º¸´Ùµµ ½Ã°£ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡±î¿î °ÍÀ» ÀüÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀüÁ¦´Â ³íÀïÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ °­ÀÇ Á»´õ ª°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù!
º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÌ 19¼¼±â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ±× ½ÃÀÛÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿© ±× »Ñ¸®¸¦ ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ½¬¿î ÀÛ¾÷Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î¼­ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½Äµé·Î ´Ù·ç¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ 19¼¼±â µ¶ÀÏ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¶Çħ·Ê±³¿Í °¨¸®±³ ½ÅÇаú ±³È¸·ÐÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼¼ ¹ø° °ßÇش óÀ½ÀÇ µÎ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °áÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº µ¶ÀÏ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ë°ú ħ·Ê±³¿Í °¨¸®±³ ½ÅÇаú ±³È¸·ÐÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀ» °áÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ßÇØÀÌ´Ù.

B.  ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹ß»ý

19¼¼±âÀÇ ¸»°ú 20¼¼±âÀÇ ÃÊ¿¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ùº»ÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ¸®¿ì´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ºÐ¸íÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÁÖ·ù ±³È¸¿Í ±³´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ÀϾ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÁÖ·ù ±³´ÜµéÀÌ µ¿Á¤³à ź»ýÀÌ Àǹ®½Ã µÇ¾ú°í, ¼º°æÀÇ ±ÇÀ§°¡ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ±âÀûÀÇ ½ÇÀç°¡ ºÎÀεǾú°í ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû ºÎÈ°ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼º°æÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ºÙÀâÀº »ç¶÷µé°ú ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§À» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡¸®ÄÑ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ À̸§À» °®°ÔµÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â 20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ ÃâÆÇµÈ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀǶó´Â Ã¥ÀÚÀÇ À̸§ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó´Â À̸§ÀÌ ºÑÀº ù ¹ø° »ç¶÷Àº À§´ëÇÑ ±¸ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅæ ½ÅÇÐÀÚÀÎ ±×·¹ÇÔ ¸Þõ(J. Gresham Machen)ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¾Á¾ ¹®È­ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¼öÀûÀÌ¸ç ¾î¶² º¯È­µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ¸Þõ°ú °°Àº À§´ëÇÑ ÁöÀûÀÎ ÇÐÀÚµé°úÀÇ ¿¬´ë´Â ¿À·¡°¡Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Áö½ÄÀεé°ú ±³À°À» ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ ºÎÈï°¡µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀº ¸Þþ°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ÀÇÇØ ´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû Çö½Ç¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì Èê·¯µé¾î °¬´Ù. µÎ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®´Â ½Ç¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ "Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ"À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â °ÍÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ±¸º°ÇÑ´Ù.

C.  Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¹ß»ý

1920³â´ë ¹Ì±¹°ú ij³ª´Ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÇб³ ÀÎÁرâ°üÀÎ ½ÅÇÐÇùÀÇȸ(ATS)´Â ´ëÇпøµéÀ̳ª Å« ÁÖ·ùÀÇ ÀçÁ¤À¸·Î ±âº» ÀÚ»êÀ» ±âÁø ½ÅÇб³µé°ú ¿¬°üÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 2Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀüÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ù ¹ø|°·Î Àΰ¡¸¦ ¹ÞÀº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇб³´Â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Ç®·¯½ÅÇб³ ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÇϳªÀÇ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î¼­ Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ 2Â÷ ´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Çö»óÀÌ´Ù.  

D.  Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀǽÅÇÐÀÇ Æ¯Â¡µé

20¼¼±â ÃÊ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ³î¶ø°Ôµµ Ãʱ³ÆÄÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³ÆÄÀûÀΠȥÇÕ¿¡¼­ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â ¿¬ÇÕ °¨¸®±³È¸, ¿¬ÇÕ Àå·Î±³È¸, º¹À½ ·çÅͱ³È¸ ±×¸®°í ³² ħ·Ê±³È¸¿¡¼­  ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±³´ÜµéÀº ÁÖ·ù·Î °£ÁֵǴµ¥ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇ¿Í º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °¡²û º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº Ưº°ÇÑ ±³´Ü º¸´Ù´Â Ãʱ³ÆÄÀûÀÎ ±â±¸µé°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 2°¡ÁöÀÇ ½Ç·Ê°¡ Ç®·Î ½ÅÇб³¿Í ´Þ¶ó½º ½ÅÇб³ÀÇ ±â°üµéÀÌ´Ù.  º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ç·ÊÀÇ º»°ÅÁö´Â IVF, CCC, ³×ºñ°ÔÀÌÅä ±×¸®°í Å©¸®½ºÃ® Åõµ¥ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÆĶóóġ ±â°üµéÀÌ´Ù.
Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ºÙÀâ°í ÀÖ´Ù.  ±× ±âÃÊ¿Í ÇÔ²² Çö´ë º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ħ·Ê±³È¸¿¡¼­ ³Î¸® ºÙÀâ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¨¸®±³È¸¿¡¼­´Â Ãʱ⿡, ¿þ½½¸® ÀüÅë¿¡¼­  Áö±Ýµµ °è¼Ó ºÙÀâ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àü õ³âÀÇ Á¾¸»·ÐÀ» ºÙÀâ´Â´Ù. Àå·Î±³È¸¿¡¼­´Â ±¸ Àå·Î±³Çб³¿Í ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀÎ »õ·Î¿î Çб³¿¡¼­ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ±×°Í¿¡ Á¦ÈÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

II. °³Çõ½ÅÇÐ

A.  ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½¬¿î Á¤ÀÇ

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ º¸´Ùµµ ½±°Ô Á¤ÀǸ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº 16¼¼±âÀÇ Á¾±³°³Çõ°ú »Ñ¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ë·è¿¡¼­´Â Á¸ Ä®ºó°ú ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­´Â Á¸ ³«½ºÀÇ À̸§µå°ú °ü°è¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀº º¸Åë Ưº°ÇÑ ±³´Üµé°ú ¿¬°üÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº Å« ´ë·úÀÇ °³Çõ ±³´Üµé(CRC, RCA)°ú Æ° Àå·Î±³È¸µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.

B.  Æ¯º°ÇÏ°Ô Èûµç Á¤ÀÇ

ºñ·Ï °³ÇõÁÖÀǶó´Â Īȣ¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³´ÜµéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, °³ÇõÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ¸®¿ì´Â ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐÀÌ ÂüµÈ °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù! ³ª´Â ±¸ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅæ ½ÅÇÐÀÚÀÎ B. B. ¿öÇʵåÀ¸ °³Çõ½ÅÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ »ç¿ëÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. Áï °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀ̶õ ¼º°æÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± Á¤ÀÇ´Â ¶ß°Ì°Ô ³íÀï°Å¸®°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ÀÌ °­¿¬ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© °³ÇõÁÖÀǸ¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù: ¼º°æ¹«¿ÀÀÇ º¸´Ùµµ Çö´ëÀûÀÎ »ý°¢°ú ´õºÒ¾î ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­µé(¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­¿Í ¼Ò¿ä¸® ¹®´ä, º§Á÷½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­, ÇÏÀ̵¨º£¸£±× ¹®´ä, ±×¸®°í µ¹Æ®½ÅÁ¶)À» ºÙÀâ´Â °³Àεé°ú ±³Æĸ¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

III.  °³Çõ½ÅÇаú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ »çÀÌÀÇ ±äÀå
A. ¿îµ¿¿¡ À־ À¯»ç¼º°ú Â÷À̼º
1. ½ÅÇÐÀû À¯»ç¼º
°³ÇõÁÖÀÇ °í¹é¼­µéÀº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀû ÇÙ½ÉÀ» ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¹Ï´Â °í¹éÀÌ ÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû °æ°ÇÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥ °ÍÀÌ µÎ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ½ÅÇп¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
2. ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡ À־ À¯»ç¼º
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ ¿îµ¿Àº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÐ¸®¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÐ¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹æ¾î °ÅÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ÀüÅëÀº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÐ¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °­ÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ¹ýÀÎÀÚ°ÝÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ »ï°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ ±×·¡ÇÔ ¸ÞõÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±× °ßÇظ¦ ÁöÁö ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×°¡ È®½ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ ½Å¾Ó °í¹é¼­ 31Àå 4 Á¶Ç×°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ÞþÀÌ ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀº °³°³ÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ±¹°¡ ¹ý¸¦À» ÁؼöÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ °³°³ÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡¼­¿Í Á¤Ä¡¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °øµ¿Ã¼ ±³È¸ ±â±¸°¡ Á¤Ä¡¿¡ Âü¿© ÇÏ´Â °Í »çÀÌ¿¡ °­ÇÑ ±¸º°ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.
3. °æ°Ç°ú °³ÀÎÁÖ¿¡ À־ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡
±×·¯³ª °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­µéÀº ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ¸ç º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Ù. °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÀÌÀ¯µé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Â ½Å¾Ó°í¹é¼­µéÀÌ ½ÅÇаú »î »çÀÌ¿¡ Ưº°ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô Áø¼úÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº °æ°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀçÇÑµÈ °³³äÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ±×°ÍÀº ¿À¸£Áö °³Àε鿡°Ô¸¸ °ü°èÇÑ´Ù. Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ¿Í´Â ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº  ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Áߺ¸ÀÚÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡Àû, ¹®È­Àû ±×¸®°í ±³À°ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÁÖ±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù.


B. µÎ·Á¿ò: °¢°¢ÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Ù

1. »çȸº¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò
±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº »çȸº¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1917³â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ¿ùÅÍ ¶ó¿ì¼¾ºÎ½¬(Walter Rauschenbuch)°¡ »çȸº¹À½À» À§ÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀ» ÃâÆÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ó¿ì¼¾¿ì½¬ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±× ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ºñÆÇ¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ´Â °Íº¸´Ùµµ º¸¼öÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í »çȸº¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À» ºÐ·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶ûÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿Í ³ëµ¿ÀÇ º¹Áö·Î¼­ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿¡ ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ³ª¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô »çȸȭÇϱ⸦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÇÇÑ »çȸ±¸Á¶µéÀÌ Á˾ÇÀÇ »óȲÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÏ°Ô Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» º¯È­½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¸¹Àº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀº °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇаú °°Àº °ÇÀüÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀ» À߶ó ÁÙÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º»´Ù.

2. ±ÝÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò
 º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº À½·á·Î¼­ ¼úÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇϴµ¥ ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î½Ã º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚ ½ÃÄ«°íÀÇ ¹«µð(Dwight Moody)µµ ±ÝÁֿÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϴµ¥ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁöÁöÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±ÝÁֿÀº 14°³ ÁÖ°¡ ¼ú ¼Òºñ¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÏ´ø ¶§ÀÎ ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã¹ÎÀüÀï¿¡ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¹Ì±¹Çå¹ý ¼öÁ¤ Á¦ 18Á¶ (±ÝÁÖ¹ý)°¡ ºñÁصǴø ÇØÀÎ 1919³â ÃÖ°íÁ¡¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ÀÌ ¼öÁ¤Àº ÃëÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¾×üÀÇ °øÀå, ÆǸÅ, ¼ö¼ÛÀ» ±ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ °ü°è¿¡¼­ ±äÀåÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÇѹøÀÇ ½Ã±â¿´´Ù.
±ÝÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â Àå·Î±³È¸ ¾È¿¡¼­ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¸¹ÀÌ °­Á¶¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¸é Á¤ÅëÀå·Î±³È¸(Oxthodox Presbyterian Church) Á¦ 3Â÷¿Í 4Â÷ ÃÑȸ¿¡¼­ 7¸íÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àå·ÎµéÀÌ ±³È¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¸ðµç ¸ñ»çµé°ú Àå·ÎµéÀÌ Àý´ë±ÝÁÖÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ï °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸ÇÏ´Â °ÇÀǵéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Á¦ 4Â÷ OPC ÃÑȸ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ´ç½Ã¿¡ Á¶Ã³¸¦ ÃëÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â °áÁ¤À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ 5³âÀº ¹Ù·Î ±× ±³´Ü¿¡¼­ Ç¥¸éÈ­µÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Á¤ÅëÀå·Î±³È¸°¡ ÁÖ·ù´Â ´Ù·ç´Â ¹®Á¦´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÑȸ´Â À§¿øÀ» ¼±ÃâÇÏ¿© OPC¿Í »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î  ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸ ±â°üµé°ú´Â Ưº°ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬±¸¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù.  ±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½ ÃÑȸ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸® ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿Í ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÌ ¼¼´ëÀÇ Çʿ並 ä¿ì°í OPC°¡ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°í ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î¿¡ Å« Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÁÙ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃßõÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý°ú ¼ö´ÜÀ» °¡Á®¿Àµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ¸¹Àº ³ë·Â°ú ¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡ÁøÈÄ¿¡ À§¿øȸ¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù¼öÀÇ º¸°íÀÇ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ º¸°í¸¦ Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ À§¿øȸ¿¡¼­ °è¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È´Ù. ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ´äº¯µµ °áÄÚ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

3. °³Àΰú »çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò

ºñ·ÏÀº ¸ÞþÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÓÀ» ¼±¾ðÇßÁö¸¸, ½ÉÁö¾î ÃâÆÇ¿¡¼­, ±×´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶õ Àü õ³âÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿À´Ã³¯ Çö´ëÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ±âµ¶±³¸¦ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°íµµ ³íÀïÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. »çȸº¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ÞþÀº »çȸº¹À½À» °ø°ÝÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¸ÞþÀº »çȸº¹À½À̶õ ¹®±¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±×´Â ¿ª»çÀû ±âµ¶±³¶õ ±×°ÍÀÌ »çȸÀûÀ̱⠺¸´Ù´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸ðµç »çȸÀû ¹ßÀü¿¡ ¿ø¼öÀûÀÎ(inimical) °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±¸ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â °³ÀÎÀ» ¾ò±â¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇØÁø´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î »õ·Î¿î ÁÁÀº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â °³ÀÎÀ» ±¸¿øÇÏ°í ¼¼»óÀ» ¿î¸í¿¡ ¸Ã±â´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ »îÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû Á¶°ÇÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í, ¿©±â ÀÌ ¶¥À§¿¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó·Î ºÒ¸®¿ì´Â °ÍÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇÏ¿© Àΰ£°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸ÞþÀº È®½ÅÇϱ⸦ »çȸ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ±¸µµ´Â À̺йýÀÇ À߸øµÈ ÀüÇüÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô À־ ±âµ¶±³´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »çȸÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±×´Â ¼¼»óÀ» µµÇÇÇؼ­ ½ÅºñÇÑ ¹¬»óÀÇ Àå¼Ò·Î °¡¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Á¤ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÑ ÀüÅõ¸¦ À§ÇØ ´Ù½Ã ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î º¸³»Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ±×°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ó±â ½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³ ±× ÀÚü´Â °³°³ÀÎÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ¿ì¼±±ÇÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×´Â ±Ùº»ÁÖÀÇ È¤Àº ±×°¡ ºÎ¸£´Â ¿ª»çÀû ±âµ¶±³´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ̱⠺¸´Ù´Â ±³¸®ÀûÀÌ´Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇϸ鼭 °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸°´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸ÕÀú ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ý´ë ±× ÀÚü´Â ¸¶À½ÀÌ Á¼Àº °ÍÀ» »ó¡ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±³È¸´Â ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °íÅëÀ» ¿ÏÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â °Í »çÀÌÀÇ À̺йý¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó ±³È¸´Â µÎ °³¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×Áß Çϳª¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Àç¾ÓÀ» ºÒ·¯¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  ÈÄ¿¡ ±×´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ "¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î°¡ °¡³­ÇÑ Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ ¼ÒȦÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î°¡ Å« Á˸¦ ¹üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù" ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾±³°³Çõ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ºÎÈïó·³ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ºÎÈïÀ» °í´ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ã ¶§ ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°í, ÀÌŸÀûÀÌ¸ç °í±ÍÇÑ °ÍÀ» Æı«ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¼­µÑ¸£¸ç º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍµéÀ» ±¸¿øÇϴµ¥ ¹æÇظ¦ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϸç Àΰ£À» ¾Ð¹ÚÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô Çϸç ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ Á¶°ÇµéÀ» ÁõÁø ½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

4. ºÐ¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò

1959³â Çæ¹öÆ® ¾Ë¸®¹ö(C. Herbert Oliver) Àå·Î±³È¸ÀÇ ÈæÀÎ ¸ñ»ç´Â ÀÎÁ¾°ü°è¿Í ÀÎÁ¾ Â÷º°¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© À°½ÅÀº °áÄÚ ¿µ±¤À» µ¹¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù(No Flesh shall Glory)¶ó´Â Ã¥À» ½è´Ù. ±×´Â ±× Ã¥ÀÇ ÇÑ °÷¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:

ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÌ¸ç ºñÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °Íó·³ Àý´ëÀû ÀÎÁ¾ Â÷º°ÀÇ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ Á¦µµ´Â ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°µÈ ±¸·ìÀ» ´Ù·ç´Âµ¥ À־ ¸ðµç µµ´ö°ú ¿¹ÀǸ¦ ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ¹ö¸°´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¾ç½ÉÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö´Â ÀÌÇØÇϱâ Èûµé´Ù. ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°È­µÈ Áý´ÜÀÇ ÁöÀûÀÌ¸ç ±³À°ÀûÀΠǥÁØÀ» °³¼±Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº °íÅ뽺·± µô·¹¸¶¿¡ Á÷¸éÇϴµ¥ ±³À°°ú ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°Àº ¼¯¿©Áú ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº »óÈ£ ¹èŸÀûÀÌ´Ù. °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¹ø¼ºÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°Àº ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ °÷¿¡¼­´Â ÁöÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀåÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ï´­·Á ÀÖ´Ù.

´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â ³²ºÎ¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°Àº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼­ Ưº°ÇÑ ¹®Á¦·Î¼­ ÀνĵǾú´Ù.

C.  ³«Å³íÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¿¬´ë

¹Ì±¹ ´ë¹ý¿øÀÌ 1973³â¿¡ ·Î(Row)¿Í ¿Íµå(Wade)ÀÇ ½Î¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇÁ¤ÀÌ ÀÖ±â Àü¿¡ ¾Õ¼­, º¸¼öÀû Àå·Î±³È¸ÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÖ´Â ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ³«Å°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1968³â OPC´Â À§¿øȸ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿© ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á¶»çÇÏ°í Á¤Ã¥ ¹æħ¼­¸¦ ¸¸µé±â·Î ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æħ¼­¿¡¼­ OPC´Â ³«Å°¡ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î µÇ±âÀü¿¡ °­ÇÑ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ º¸¿´´Ù.  ÀÌ º¸°í¼­ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÇ ¹®´ÜÀº ½Ç·Î ¿¹¾ðÀûÀÌ´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "¸¸ÀÏ ³«Å°¡ »ìÀÎÀ̶ó¸é, ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡ À־´Â ³«Å ÀÚÀ¯È­·ÎÀÇ ÇöÀç °ÉÀ½Àº È÷Ʋ·¯, ½ºÅ»¸° ±×¸®°í Çì·Ô ´ëÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÜÀμº º¸´Ùµµ ´õ ³ª»Ú°Ô º¸È£¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ Àΰ£µéÀ» »ìÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀεµÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù."
ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼º°æ º»¹®µéÀ» ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡, À§¿øȸ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ºÐ¼®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 3°¡Áö Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃßõÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ °ÍÀº ÃÑȸ°¡ ³«Å ¹Ý´ë °áÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°í ±× ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°¡ ȸÁßµé°ú ´çȸ¿Í Àå·Îµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À־ Áú¹®À» °ü·ÃµÈ ¼º°æÀû ¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °¡¸£ÃÄÁÖ¸ç, ÇöÀç ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ¹ý¾È°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¶Ç ±×µéÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ »óȲ°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇϵµ·Ï µ¿±â¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϵµ·Ï Á¦¾ÈÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àϳâ ÈÄ¿¡ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡ Àü¿ª¿¡¼­ ³«Å¸¦ Âù¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ°áÇß´Ù.
´Ù½Ã Çѹø »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±³È¸°¡ ±³È¸Àû ¼±¾ðÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© º¸¼öÀû Àå·Î±³È¸¿¡¼­ ±äÀåÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³«Å º¸°í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. "¼Ò¼ö º¸°íÀÇ ÀúÀڵ鿡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­ °ÍÀº ±³È¸°¡ 1937³â °ÅÀýÇϱâ·Î ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÇؾßÇÏ´Â Á÷Àü¿¡ ÀÖ°í, ¼º°æ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ÷ºÎÇؾßÇÒ Á÷Àü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÈÄ¿¡ ¼Ò¼ö º¸°í¼­´Â Áø¼úÇϱ⸦ : ±¹°¡¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¾±³Àû ¿ø¸®¸¦ °­¿äÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¿ë±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÌ°ÍÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ÀÌ ±æ¿¡ µÎ´Â °ÍÀº Á¾±³Àû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °ÅºÎ ´çÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿¡°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇÑ Áø·ÎÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª»ç¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Àº Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.  

D. °á·Ð: ¹Ì±¹ °³Çõ½ÅÇÐÀº Áö±Ýµµ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ë´äÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ º¸°í¼­´Â ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÇÑ¹Ù²î µ¹¾Æ¿À°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ÞþÀÇ Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄ º¸¼öÀû Àå·Î±³È¸´Â Àý´ë±ÝÁÖ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾¾¸§ÇÏ¿´°í ±× ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ¿­¶í Åä·ÐÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶²À̵éÀº Âù¼ºÇÏ¿´°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ È¸¿øµé¿¡°Ô  ºñ¼º°æÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ °ÍÀ» °­¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀýÁÖ´Â Âù¾ç µÇ¾ú°í, ¼úÃëÇÔÀº Á¤ÁË µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸¹Àº ¸ñ»ç¿Í Àå·ÎµéÀÌ ÁÖ·ù¸¦ ±ÝÇϱâ·Î ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª ±³È¸´Â ±× ÀýÁÖ¸¦ °­¿äÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³«Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¼ö º¸°í¼­´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±³È¸°¡ 1970³â¿¡ °°Àº ÆÐÅÏÀ» µû¸¦ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ³«Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¼ö º¸°í¼­´Â µÎ ¹ø° ¿ø¸®¸¦ Áú¹®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±¹°¡ ¹ýÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ¿ø¸®¸¦ °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ÇÀº°¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù? ¼Ò¼ö º¸°í¼­´Â ±× ±æÀº À§ÇèÇÑ Áø·Î¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®°¡ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô °üÂûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ÞþÀÇ ½Ã´ëºÎÅÍ 1970 ³â´ë±îÁö ±³È¹ »çȸ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÇ°ßÀÇ º¯µ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ø¸®Àû Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯ÀÌ ÁÙ¾îÁú ¶§±îÁö °¡´ÉÇÑ Àå·Î±³È¸¿¡¼­ »çȸÀû È°µ¿Àº Ç¥¸é»ó Áö±×ÀÚ±×ÀÇ °æ·Î·Î °è¼Ó µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Áö±Ý °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇаú º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ °ü°è¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´äº¯¿¡ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.

IV. °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºÎÈïÀÌ ¾øÀÌ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¸ô¶ô

A.  ¸íÁ¦
 ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸íÁ¦´Â °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºÎÈï ¾øÀÌ´Â º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇеµ ¸ô¶ôµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¸ô¶ôÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº óÀ½¿¡´Â °Å¸¸ÇÏ°í ½Ã±â »óÁ¶Ã³·³ µé¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸íÁ¦°¡ ¼º±ÞÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ» º¸À̱â À§ÇÏ¿© ¶Ç ±× ¸íÁ¦¸¦ ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇÏ¿© º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇп¡°Ô ¸î °³ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿î Áú¹®À» ¹°À» ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

B.  º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÌ ¾îµð·Î ÇâÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐ ¾È¿¡ ¸î °³ÀÇ ¾îÁö·´°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °æÇâµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
1. ¼º°æÀÇ Æ÷±â
ÀÚ±âÀǽÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Â º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â °íÀÇ·Î ¼º°æÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸¹¤©Àº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¼º°æÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ Å©¸®½ºÃµÀÌ Á÷¸éÇÑ µµÀüµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÃæºÐÇÏ°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼º°æÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Æ÷±âÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 a. ±âµ¶±³»ó´ã°ú ±³À°¿¡¼­ Æ÷±âÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿¹
º¸À̽º´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ "±×µéÀº ¼º°æÀÌ Å©¸®½ºÃµÀÌ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Âµ¥ ÃæºÐÇÏ°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù"°í ÇÑ´Ù. "±×·¡¼­±×µéÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀû Ä¡·á¹ýÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ °¬´Ù.
b. ¿¹¹è¿¡¼­ Æ÷±âÇÑ ±¸Ã¼Àû ¿¹
¸¹Àº ¸ñ»çµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¹è¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ¹Þ±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¼º°æ Áø¸®ÀÇ °­ÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Çã¹°¾ú´Ù. º¸À̽º´Â ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϱ⸦ ±×µéÀº ¿À¶ôÀ» Àü°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
2. ÀÌ ¼¼´ëÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¸£´Â ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ.
¹Ù¿ï ·Î¸¶¼­ 12 Àå 2Àý¿¡¼­ "ÀÌ ¼¼´ë¸¦ º»¹ÞÁö ¸»¶ó" °í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ¿©±â¼­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ã¹è¸¦ ÇÇ¿ì°Å³ª ¼úÀ» ¸¶½Ã´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °³ÀÎÀÇ À±¸®Àû ¹®Á¦¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔ ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ ´ÜÁö °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °æ°ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ½Ç¼ö ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¸¶À½À¸ ÀüÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
a.  ¼øÀÀ¿¡ ¿¹·Î¼­ ¼¼¼ÓÈ­
¼¼¼ÓÈ­´Â º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇп¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿µÇâÀ» Á־ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±³È¸¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô °ÇÃàÇϸç, ½Ç³»Àå½ÄÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ¼³±³¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´ÂÁö ±îÁö ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù.
b. ¹°ÁúÁÖÀÇ¿Í Çй®Àû Á¸°æÀÇ ÀϾ
¹°ÁúÁÖÀÇ
¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ ´ëÇü±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ñȸÀÚµéÀº °í¾×ÀÇ »ç·Êºñ¸¦ ¹Þ°í ºñ±³Àû ÈûÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº »ç·Ê¸¦ Àß ¹Þ´Â ¸ñȸÀÚ¸¦ ±ï´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾î¶² ¸ñȸÀڵ鵵 ±×°ÍÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Àå·Î±³È¸ÀÇ ´ëÇü±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ñȸÀÚµéÀº º¸Åë ¸ñ»çÀÇ »ç·ÊºñÀÇ 6 ³»Áö 7¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
Çй®Àû Á¸°æÀÇ ÀϾ
È®½ÇÈ÷ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¶°¿À¸£´Â Çй®Àû ´É·ÂÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ³íÀǸ¦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ´ë°¡¸¦ Ä¡·¯¼­¶óµµ ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â Çй®Àû Á¸°æÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á°í Çϴ°¡? ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¼º°æ·Ð°ú °ü·ÃµÈ´Ù; »óÀ§ÀÇ Çй®Àû ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«¿À¼ºÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °Í.
¿¹¸¦ µé¸é Àú¸íÇÑ ÀÚĪ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Áö±Ý ¼º°æÀÇ ÃàÀÚÀû ¿µ°¨¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ±³¼öÀ̸ç Á¤ÅëÀå·Î±³È¸ Àå·ÎÀÎ ¸¶Å© ³î(Mark Noll)Àº ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÇ ½ºÄµµé(Scandal of the Evangelical Mind)¿¡¼­ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⸦ (±¸)ÇÁ¸°½ºÅæÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ °¡Á³´ø ¼º°æ ¹«¿À¼ºÀº À߸ø ÁöµµµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±âµ¶±³¿¡ º»ÁúÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö·Î ´ëüµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çϸç, ¼º°æÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Å°´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ±¸ÁÖ¸¦ ±íÀÌ ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿µ±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ¸Æ±×·¡½º(Alistair McGrath)µµ ±×°Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µå¸°´Ù. ¸Æ±×·¡½º Ưº°È÷ Âû½º ÇÖÁö(Charles Hodge)¸¦ ºñÆÇÇϸ鼭 ¸»Çϱ⸦ "¼º°æÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÖÁöÀÇ ºÐ¼®Àº ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î, °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ ¾ð¾î º»ÁúÀÇ °í¹éÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸Í¸ñÀû ÀÌ·Ð(an acknowledge and implicit theory of the nature of language)¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇß´Ù"°í ÇÑ´Ù.
3. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â ºÐº° ¾øÀÌ µÇ¾î°£´Ù.
ºÐº° ¾ø´Â À̶õ ´Ü¾î°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº öÀúÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »îÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ¸ç º¸±â¸¦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ¿äÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ÇöÀç ¹Ì±¹ »çȸ¿Í 19¼¼±âÀÇ »çȸ¸¦ ºñ±³ÇØ º»´Ù¸é Å« Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº 19¼¼±â µ¿¾È ¹Ì±¹ »çȸ´Â ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ³ª ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎÀÇ Á¦ÇÑ°ú °°Àº º¹ÀâÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿©·ÐÀ» Çü¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±ÛÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±³À° ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÐº°¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ Àü ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿´À¸¸ç ´ÜÁö º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í, ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ »çȸÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé ¿ª½Ã ¸ðµç Áúº´À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °íÅëÀ» ´çÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¹®È­Àû ¹®Á¦¸¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. º¸À̽º(Boice)´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ ½½ÇÁ°Ôµµ ¿ì¸® ¹®È­¿¡¼­ ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀÇ Áö¹è´Â ±³È¸¿Í ¼³±³¿¡ Å« Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¹è´Â Áñ±â´Â ÂÊÀ¸·Î È®»êµÇ°í ¼³±³ÀÚ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁÁÀº ½Ã°£À» °®µµ·Ï µµ¿Í ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
  1923³â ¹Ì±¹ Àå·Î±³È¸(³²Àå·Î±³È¸)¿¡¼­´Â 14,000 ¸í ÀÌ»óÀ¸ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ¼Ò¿ä¸®¹®´äÀ» ¾Ï¼ÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯Àº ¾ÆÀ̾ð ¸Ó·¹ÀÌ(Ian Murray)¿¡ ¸»Çϱ⸦ "½ÅÇеµµé °¡¿îµ¥¼­µµ ¼º°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹«½ÄÇÏ´Ù"°í ÇÑ´Ù. 20 ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä£ ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ °æÇèÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â Çѱ¹¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀº ´Ù¸£´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
4. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ´Â ½Ç¿ëÁÖÀǸ¦ äÅÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ²ô´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¹Ì±¹ ½Ç¿ëÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¼±ÃµÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. "±³È¸ ¼ºÀåÀ̷а¡µéÀÌ ¼¼¹Ì³ª¸¦ ÁÖµµÇÑ´Ù"¶ó°í º¸À̽º(Boice)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÑźÇÑ´Ù"±× ¼¼¸¶³ª¿¡¼­ ¼³±³ÀÚµéÀº ÀϹݻç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï ±×¸®°í º¹À½À» ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÐÄÉÁö·Î ÆÈ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ´Â´Ù." ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº »çȸÀû °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯¸íÇÑ À̸§ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÇùȸµéÀ» Àå·ÁÇϴµ¥ °¥¸ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºô¸® ±×·¡ÇÔ(Billy Braham)¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â µè´Â °ÍÀº "±×°¡ ¼³±³ÇÑ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ À¯¸®ÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ À¯¸íÀλç¿Í ÇÔ²² Ä£¸ñÀ» ½ÃµµÇß´Ù"°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î·± ½ÇõÀº Àç¾ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǸíµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ·Î¸¶Ä«Å縯ÀÚµé, ±×¸®°í À¯´ëÀεé°ú Çù·ÂÇϱâ·Î ±×µéÀÌ °áÁ¤Çϴµ¥ À־ ½Ç¿ëÁÖÀÇÀûÀ̾ú´Ù.
5. º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¿¹ÀüÀÇ ¿À·ù¸¦ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅ·Π¹Þ¾Æ µå¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
18¼¼±â¿¡ ¾î¶² ½ºÄàÆ®·£µå ½ÅÇÐÀÚ°¡ °¡¸£Ä£ °ÍÀº "»ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½Å(ȤÀº ±×³à)ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¾î¶² º¯È­¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ »çµµ½Å°æ¿¡ Áõ¾ðÇÑ °Íó·³ ¿¹¼ö²²¼­ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÁË ¶§¹®¿¡ Á×À¸¼Ì´Ù¶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ¼³µéµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÇ·Ó°Ô µÈ´Ù"°í Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿À·¡ Àü ½ÅÇÐÀû ¿À·ù¸¦ ´Þ¶ó½º ½ÅÇб³¿¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »õ·ÎÀº È°·ÂÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù. ¾î·± À߸øµÈ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀÜ ÇÖÁö½º(Zane C. Hodges)°¡ ¾´ µé¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥ ´Ù¸¥ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ÀÌÀǸ¦ Á¦±âÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. "±×µéÀÌ(´Þ¶ó½º¿¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â Zane Hodges¿Í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé) ȸ°³, Ä¡¸®, ±×¸®°í ³»¸éÀÇ ¿µÀû º¯È­ÀÇ Áõ°Å¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ÇൿÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ½¿¡´Ù ÇàÀ§¸¦ ºÎ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." ¾î¶² °³½Å±³³ª º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚ³ª °³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±¸¿øÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¿¬°áÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¸ðµç º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ Á˷κÎÅÍ È¸°³¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í µ¿ÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »õ·Ó°Ô °¥¸ÁÇϱ⸦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
6. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¿Í ÇÕ·ùÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
1994³â "º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ·Î¸¶Ä«Å縯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÔ²²: 3õ³â¿¡ À־ ±âµ¶±³ ¼±±³"(Evangelicals and Catholics Together: The Christian mission in the third millennium) ¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ 25 ÆäÀÌÁö ºÐ·®ÀÇ ¹®¼­°¡ ´º¿å¿¡¼­ ÃâÆǵǾú´Ù. 25¸íÀÇ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀû ·çÅͶõ ÁöµµÀÚµé°ú  Ä«Å縯 ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ ±×¸®°í ÆÐÄ¿(J. I. Packer)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© °Å±â¿¡ ¼­¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. Å©¸®½ºÂ÷´ÏƼ Åõµ¥ÀÌ (Christianity Today)µµ ECT¸¦ ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. Á¸ ¸Æ¾Æ´õ(John F. MacArthur) Áï½Ã ECT¸¦ °ÅÀýÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ "¹«¸ðÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½"(Reckless Faith)Àº   ECT¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¾È ¸Ó·¡ÀÌ(Ian Murray)´Â ÆÇ´ÜÇϱ⸦ ÀÌÁ¦ "º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé °¡¿î¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù"°í ÇÑ´Ù.  Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ½ÅÇÐÀÚ À£½º(David Wells)°¡ °³ÅºÇÑ´Ù. "ÇѶ§ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ¹°À» ÁÖ¾ú´ø ¿ª»çÀû Á¤ÅëÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Ã³»´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¹®È­Àû ¹«½Ä ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ  ¼¼¼ÓÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆĸêÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. . . . °ú°Å ¼ö½Ê³â µ¿¾È Çö´ë¹®È­¿Í ½±°Ô ¿¬ÇÕÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾ÓÀº ¾î¸®¼®Àº õ±¹¿¡¼­ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÇϽô ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±× ½º½º·Î¸¦ À§·ÎÇϸç. . . ±×°Í¿¡ ¿µÈ¥ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é ±× Ư¼ºÀ» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù "

C. °á·Ð
¿À´Ã ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡°Ô ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ³í¹®Àº °³ÇõÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ºÎÈï ¾ø´Ù¸é ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº ½º½º·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Æı«ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç ȤÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌ¹Ì Æı«ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´ë´äµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹è´çµÈ ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ È®½ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ½ÅÇÐÀº Çϳª´Ô¿¡°Ô ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¿µ±¤À» µ¹·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÌ Çϳª´Ô²² ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¿µ±¤À» µå¸®Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ±×°ÍÀº ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¿î¸í¿¡ ³õÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸¹Àº º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô²² ¿µ±¤À» µ¹¸®¸é¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ±× ¿µ±¤¿¡ È¥ÇÕÇÏ¿© ±× ¿µ±¤ÀÌ ¿µ±¤ÀÇ ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ÀÒ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¸¦ °³Çõ½ÅÇп¡ ÇÕ·ùÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´Ô²²¸¸ ¿µ±¤À̶ó°í ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Ù¸é ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×µéÀÇ °è½ÂÀº °³Åº ½º·´Áö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.



---------------------------------------------------------

Thank you very much for the honor to speak to you colleagues today. I have a deep personal affection for some of you here, greatly admire the piety of the Korean churches in general and am oftentimes convicted by the diligence of her ministers. May our great God bless our meetings together!




----------------
To understand our subject properly, we must define our terms carefully. Reformed theology is older than evangelical theology, and since evangelical theology is a relatively modern phenomenon, we should begin by defining it.
I.  Evangelical theology.
A. Background roots. Since I am an American, I will focus attention upon American evangelicalism and attempt to avoid discussion of British evangelicalism. The roots of American evangelical theology could be found in eighteenth century England, concomitant with the rise of the Wesleyan movement. Or perhaps evangelicalism's theological roots are also found in the movement of pietism in eighteenth century Germany. Both of these historic movements certainly shaped contemporary American evangelicalism.    
For the purposes of this lecture, I will presuppose that the roots of evangelical theology are closer in time than either British Methodism or German pietism. That presupposition is debatable; I make it simply to keep my lecture shorter!  
Assuming that Evangelical theology had its beginnings in the United States in the nineteenth century, even with that assumption, tracing its roots is not necessarily an easy task. As a movement, evangelicalism could be treated in a number of different fashions. It could be identified as a direct counter- reaction to 19th century German liberalism, or perhaps as a consistent outgrowth of Baptist /Methodist theology and ecclesiology. A third option would combine the first two possibilities: American evangelical theology is both a reaction against German liberalism and a consistent development of Baptist/Methodist theology and ecclesiology.  
B.  The rise of fundamentalism in America. At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the 20th, a movement arose in the United States that is generally termed  fundamentalism . This movement arose as a response against the mainline churches and denominations which had rejected certain teachings. In many mainline denominations, the virgin birth was questioned, the authority of Scripture came under attack, the presence of miracles was denied, and the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ was thought impossible. Those who held to these Scripture teachings and were opposed to those who denied them were usually called "fundamentalists". This reason they were given this name is because of a series of pamphlets published early in the 20th century entitled The fundamentals.    
Men at first included under this label of "fundamentalist" would be the great old Princeton theologian J. Gresham Machen. However, the unity of great intellectual scholars like Machen with "fundamentalists," who were often simply culturally conservative and against any changes, could not last very long.
The rise of American "fundamentalism," which included uneducated revivalists with intellectuals, will flow into an already existing theological represented by Machen and others.    From this temporary union of the two movements we unmistakably discern the development of what we would call "modern evangelical theology".  
C. The rise of modern evangelical theology. In the 1920's, nearly all members of the Association of Theological Schools (ATS), the main accrediting body for seminaries in the United States and Canada, were connected either with university graduate schools or were large, mainline, financially endowed seminaries. After World War II, the first evangelical seminary became accredited: Fuller Seminary in California.  Thus, modern evangelical theology as a movement is probably a post World War II phenomena.
D. Modern evangelical theology: characteristics. Evangelical theology in early 20th century America could surprisingly transcend denominational boundaries. In the denominational mixtures of the United States at that time, evangelicals were found among the United Methodist Church, the United Presbyterian Church, the evangelical Lutheran Church, and the Southern Baptist Church. All of these denominations were considered  mainline  and each contained opponents to  fundamentalism and evangelicalism .  Sometimes the movement of evangelical theology was more closely associated with trans-denominational institutions rather than particular ecclesiastical denominations.  Two examples would be the institutions of Fuller Theological Seminary and Dallas Theological Seminary (in Texas). Other examples of strongholds of evangelical theology would be the para-church institutions of Inter Varsity, Campus crusade for Christ, the Navigators, and the publication Christianity Today.  
Modern evangelical theology holds to the main tenets of fundamentalism. With that foundation, modern evangelical theology is widely held in the Baptist churches, earlier in the Methodist Church and still in the Wesleyan tradition. Most fundamentalists hold to a pre-millennial eschatology. In the Presbyterian world, it more closely aligns itself to new school in contrast to old school Presbyterianism.
II.  Reformed theology
A.  Easier to define in general. In general, Reformed theology is much easier to define than evangelical theology. It has its roots in the sixteenth century with the Reformation and is connected to the names of John Calvin on the Continent and John Knox in the United Kingdom. Reformed theology in the United States is usually associated with particular denominations. These would include the large Presbyterian churches as well as the large continental reformed denominations (Christian Reformed, Reformed Church of America).  
B.  More difficult to define in particular. Although there are denominations in the United States that claim the title "reformed", nevertheless not all theology which claims to be reformed, is truly reformed! I would like to use the old Princeton theologian B. B. Warfield's definition of reformed theology, which is "biblical Christianity come into its own".  However, that definition could be hotly contested!  Therefore, for the purposes of this lecture I will define reformed theology as: those individuals and denominations that hold to the classic reformed confessions, (the Westminster confession of faith and catechisms, the Belgic confession, the Heidelberg catechism, and the canons of Dort) in conjunction with the more modern notion of Biblical inerrancy.
III.  Tensions between Reformed theology and Evangelical theology.  
A. Similarities and differences in the movement.  
1. Similarities: theological. The reformed confessions uphold all of the major theological points of evangelicalism. At this place evangelicalism and reformed theology agree. Evangelicalism and reformed theology also agreed that a profession of faith in Jesus Christ should affect a person's life. What we term  individual piety  is important to both theologies.  
2. Similarities: church/state. In general, both movements also hold to the separation of church and state. Evangelical theology is a bastion of church state separation. The reformed tradition is less strong on the issue of church/state separation, but received support from at least J. Gresham Machen, who proposed "the church ought to refrain from entering, its corporate capacity, into the political field.  Which, he was convinced, was in accordance with chapter 31/4 of the Westminster confession of faith. Machen believed that individual Christians may endorse state legislation but he also held that a strong distinction should be made between individual Christians in their acts of piety and involvement in politics and the corporate ecclesiastical body and her involvement in politics.    
3. Dissimilarity: piety and individualism. However, the reformed confessions are neither  fundamentalist  nor "evangelical". One of the reasons why the reformed confessions are not evangelical is that they clearly articulate a particular relationship between theology and life. Reformed theology does not have a limited notion of piety: that it relates exclusively to the individual. Reformed theology, in contrast to Anabaptist theology, claims for example that Jesus Christ in his Mediatorial kingship has rights in all spheres of life including political, cultural and educational.  
B. Fears each movement has against the other.  
1. Evangelical fears: the social gospel. Fundamentalists and evangelicals were united against "the social gospel". In 1917, the Liberal theologian Walter Rauschenbuch published A theology for the social gospel.  Rauschenbuch himself was more conservative than is generally thought among critics of the movement. Nevertheless, if the social gospel movement can be categorized, it had a deep concern for laboring toward the "kingdom of God" which is the "realm of love" and the "commonwealth of labor". That kingdom needed properly to socialize people, and evil social structures helped to continue sinful situations and should be changed. To many evangelicals, this truncated theology sounded like reformed theology.  
2. Evangelical fears: prohibition. Evangelical theology was unified in its opposition to the use of alcohol as a beverage. Even the evangelist Dwight Moody of Chicago, who stood strongly for the separation of church and politics, agreed to press for the prohibition drive.  
Reformed theology did not necessarily support evangelical theology in this issue. The prohibition movement, beginning before the American Civil War when fourteen states prohibited alcoholic consumption, reached its high water mark in 1919 when the eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. That Amendment prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" this is one time where there was a tension the Church/ State relations.
The issue of prohibition produced tremendous stress within the Presbyterian Church.  For example, at the third and fourth General Assemblies of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, there were overtures from seven different presbyteries urging the church to take a stand for total abstinence from all alcoholic consumption for all ministers and elders. At the OPCs fourth General Assembly, they approved a motion to take no action at that time. The issue did not surface in that particular denomination for another five years. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church's dealings with alcoholic beverages are a complex story.  The General Assembly eventually elected a committee to "study the relationship of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church to society in general and to other ecclesiastical bodies in particular, with a view to bringing to the next assembly recommendations suggesting ways and means whereby the message and methods of our church may be better implemented to meet the needs of this generation and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church may have an increasing array of influence and make a greater impact on life today." After much effort and many meetings, the committee produced a majority report and a minority report and concluded that the committee should not be continued. There never was an official answer to the question.    
3. Reformed fears: individual vs. society. Although Machen declared himself to be a fundamentalist, even in print, he said that a fundamentalist is not only a pre-millennialist, but also one who "definitely and polemically maintained a belief in supernatural Christianity as over against the Modernism of the present day." Knowing the evangelical fears against the social gospel, Machen attacked the social gospel. Although He never used the phrase "social gospel" in this essay, he did assert that, "historic Christianity is thought to be inimical to all social progress because it is individual rather than social. The older evangelism, it is said, seeks to win individuals. The newer and better evangelism, on the other hand- thus the claim runs- instead of rescuing individuals and leaving the world to its fate, seeks to improve the physical conditions of life and the relations between man and man as to set up what may be called the "kingdom of God" here upon this earth."  
Machen was convinced that was a false type of dichotomy -individual against society.  For him Christianity was "social as well as individual.when a man is rescued inwardly from the world, he is not, according to Christian teaching, allowed to escape from the world into a place of mystic contemplation, but is sent forth again into the world to battle for the right." Yet again, he reminded us that Christianity itself insists upon the rights of the individual soul.
He concluded by answering the objection that fundamentalism, or as he called it, historic Christianity, is doctrinal rather than practical. He stated first that the objection itself "betokens a singular narrowness of mind" the church is not caught in a dichotomy between analyzing the basis of its faith and relieving the physical distress as a man. "As a matter of fact she ought to do both.  Neglect of either one will certainly bring disaster. He later said "if the intellectual defense of our faith causes us to neglect our duty to the poor, we have made ourselves guilty of a great sin." He looked forward to a revival of religion as we had at the time of the Reformation, and when that comes "it will destroy no fine or unselfish or noble thing: it will hasten and not hinder the relief of the visible the stresses of man and the improvement of conditions in this world."    
4. Reformed fears: segregation. In 1959, C. Herbert Oliver, a black minister in the Presbyterian Church, wrote a book on race relations and against segregation entitled No flesh shall glory. At one point in the volume he said:
"As segregation is basically inhuman and unnatural, a thoroughgoing system of absolute segregation throws all morality and decency to the wind in its dealing with the segregated group. It is hard to understand how a conscience even remotely influenced by Christian teachings can do this. The segregationist who wishes to improve the intelligence and educational standards of a segregated group is also faced with a painful dilemma, for education and segregation cannot be blended: they are mutually exclusive.  Where enlightenment thrives, segregation cannot stand. Where segregation is most complete, intellectual growth is most effectively crushed."

Since much of American evangelicalism was located in the South, segregation was perceived by many as a particular problem within evangelicalism.
C. Evangelical and reformed theological unity: the abortion controversy. Prior to the infamous Row vs. Wade decision of the United State Supreme Court in 1973, perceptive leaders of conservative Presbyterianism knew that abortion was an important social issue that had to be addressed. In 1968, a committee was established in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church to investigate the issue and develop a position paper. In that paper, the OPC took a strong stand against abortion even before it became legally possible to obtain one. The opening paragraph of the report is truly prophetic; it says "If abortion is murder, even in some cases, than the current pace of abortion liberalization could lead to a slaughter of defenseless human beings worse than the atrocities of Hitler, Stalin or Herod the great."
After presenting a lengthy theological analysis of pertinent scriptural passages, the committee recommended three actions from their analysis. They proposed that the General Assembly adopt a resolution against abortion, that further study of the matter should be carried out by congregations, sessions and Presbyterian so that "questions may be better instructed concerning the scriptural principles involved, and so that they might be motivated to take appropriate action relative to pending civil legislation or other pertinent situations in their communities."  Little more than a year later, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of abortion throughout the United States
Once again, tension can be found in the conservative Presbyterian Church on the issue of the church making ecclesiastical pronouncements on social issues. There was a minority report to the abortion report. "It therefore appears to the author of this minority report that the church is on the verge of doing what refused to do in 1937, on the verge of adding additional sense to the scriptural catalog." The minority report stated later, "the report accompanies this by an encouragement to the enforcement of religious principles by state legislation.  Setting the fate of the church upon this path may perhaps be expected of people who have not known what it is to live under a denial of religious freedom but it is a very dangerous course, nevertheless and the study of history provides plenty of supporting evidence."
D. Conclusion: American reformed theology still needs to answer questions. This report nearly brings us back full circle. After the death of Machen, conservative Presbyterianism wrestled with the matter of total abstinence and heatedly debated the issue. Some were in favor and others resolved not to enforce what they perceived as a non-biblical requirement upon its members. Even though sobriety was praised, drunkenness condemned, and many ministers and elders chose to abstain from beverage alcohol, the church would not enforce that abstinence. The minority report on abortion asked only that the church follow the same pattern in the 1970's
However, the abortion minority report also addressed the second principle question.  Is it right for the church to "encourage enforcement of religious principles by state legislation"?  The minority report called that avenue "a very dangerous course".
What we observe in this brief survey is, from the time of Machen through the 1970's, a seesaw of opinion concerning the churchs precise role on social issues. Until an answer to the principal question has been given, if that is possible, social activity in the Presbyterian Church will continue on this seemingly zigzag course. We are now prepared to answer the question of reformed theology and its relevance to evangelical theology.  
IV. Without a revival of reformed theology, evangelical theology will destroy itself.
A. Thesis. The thesis of the rest of this presentation is that without a revival of reformed theology, evangelical theology will destroy itself.  
It may at first sound arrogant and premature to predict the demise of American Evangelical Theology. To demonstrate that this thesis is not rash, and even to establish the thesis; it will be necessary to ask some hard questions of evangelical theology.  
B. Where is evangelical theology heading? There are some very disturbing recent trends in evangelical theology.
1. An abandonment of the Bible. No self-conscious evangelical would knowingly abandon the Scriptures.  However, many evangelicals have abandoned the teaching of the Bible because they do not think that it is adequate for the challenges Christians face today.
a. Specific example of abandonment: in Christian counseling and nurture. "They do not think the Bible is sufficient for achieving Christian growth", says Boice, "so they turn to secular therapy groups."    
b. Specific example of abandonment: in Christian worship. "So many pastors tone down the hard edges of biblical truth in order to attract greater numbers to their services." They, says Boice again, "major in entertainment."
2. American Evangelicals have conformed to the "pattern of this age". In Romans 12:2 we are told by Paul, "do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world". What Paul is talking about in Romans 12:2 may include personal ethical issues such as the use of tobacco and consuming alcohol. However, it would be a mistake to assume that he is addressing only personal piety, for Paul is advocating a total reformation of the mind.
a. Example of that conformity: secularism. Secularism has so touched evangelical theology to the extent that it dictates how they construct their churches, how they arrange the interior design, and even how they preach.  
b. Example of that conformity: materialism and the rise of academic respectability. Materialism. In American evangelicalism, pastors of large churches are highly paid and relatively powerful people. The intention of this paper is not to undercut a well-paid clergy; a minister speaking to ministers would never want to do that! Yet, it cannot be denied that pastors of the large churches of a Presbytery often make six to seven times the income of the "average" pastor.
The rise of academic respectability. Certainly, no one would argue that it is a negative for rising academic abilities in the evangelical world. However, at what price or cost will American evangelicals go to obtain academic respectability? This problem relates predominately to the doctrine of Scripture; abandonment of inerrancy to obtain higher academic degrees.
For example, prominent professing evangelicals now argue against the verbal inspiration of Scripture. In his Scandal of the evangelical mind, well known Professor and (former?) Orthodox Presbyterian elder Mark Noll argues that the Princetonian preoccupation with Biblical inerrancy was misguided and should be replaced with "what is essential to Christianity, however, is a profound trust in the Bible is pointing us to the savior." The English evangelical Alistair McGrath has adopted a similar argument. McGrath specifically criticizes Charles Hodge and says "Hodge's analysis the authority of Scripture is ultimately grounded in an acknowledged and implicit theory of the nature of language, deriving from reflecting the enlightenment agenda."    
3. American evangelicals have become mindless. By "mindlessness", I mean the inability or unwillingness to look at life in a thoughtful way. To demonstrate my point, compare present American society with that of the nineteenth century and one will observe a vast difference. It is a historical fact that the American public during the 19th century could form opinions on complex issues like slavery and the limits of the federal government because they had been trained to read the printed page. This "mindlessness" is an overall American problem and not just the problem of evangelicals, but since they are a part of American society, they too suffer from the overall malady. They have not overcome their own culture's problem. "Sadly", says Boice, "the dominance of television in our culture has had its impact on the churches and on preaching, where the services are now increasingly designed to be entertaining and the preachers are told to win people by helping them to have a good time."    
Moving closer to our own age, in the Presbyterian Church in the United States (the Southern Presbyterian Church) as late as 1923, more than 14,000 young people could recite the shorter catechism. Now, as Ian Murray says: "a biblical illiteracy prevails even among those who come as students to seminaries."  Those of us who have taught in America for over twenty years can agree with this from our own experience. I hope that you have different experiences here in Korea!
4. American evangelicals have adopted pragmatism. The American system of inviting people forward at evangelistic crusades is inherently connected to American pragmatism. "Church growth theorists hold seminars" Boice laments, "in which preachers are taught to think of the masses as their market and the gospel as something that needs to be attractively packaged to sell." American Evangelicals became eager to cultivate associations with the "famous" whose names would catch public attention. "Friendship was sought," we are told about Billy Graham, "with all whose high profile could reflect with advantage on the message he preached." This practice has proven to be disastrous. Furthermore, American evangelicals were pragmatic in their decisions to cooperate with liberals, Roman Catholics and Jews.  
5. Evangelicals have adopted new forms of an old error.
In the eighteenth century, a Scottish theologian taught "everyone who is persuaded that Jesus actually died for sin as testified by the Apostles is justified, regardless of any change in his or her life." This ancient theological error has received new vitality particularly through some of the teaching at Dallas Theological Seminary. This type of erroneous teaching has been defended in works by Zane C. Hodges, and has been rightly opposed by other evangelicals. "The reason they [Zane Hodges and others at Dallas] oppose the demand for repentance, discipleship, or a walk that gives evidence of an inward spiritual change is that they regard this as adding works to faith."  No protestant, evangelical or reformed, wants to salvifically connect works to faith. Yet, every evangelical should know that the nature of faith demands repentance from sin and a new desire to walk with Christ. We need to remember that "wrong belief is as dangerous as unbelief".  
6. American evangelicals have joined with Rome.  In March 1994, a 25-page document was published in New York entitled Evangelicals and Catholics together.  The Christian mission in the third millennium. Twenty-five Evangelical Lutheran and Catholic leaders endorsed it, including Dr. J. I. Packer. Christianity today supported ECT. John F. MacArthur immediately rejected ECT. His book against ECT was entitled Reckless faith. "There was now" judges Ian Murray, "a fundamental difference among evangelicals."  
"The stream of historic orthodoxy that once watered the evangelical soul," laments well known theologian David Wells, "is now damned by a worldliness that many failed to recognize as worldliness because of the cultural innocence with which it presents itself. it may be that Christian Faith, which has made many easy alliances with modern culture in the past few decades, is also living in a fool's paradise, comforting itself about all the things God is doing. while it is losing its character, if not its soul."  
C. Conclusion. My thesis to you today has been that without a revival of reformed theology, American evangelical theology either will destroy itself or perhaps already has. My task is not to provide the answers needed for the continuation of American evangelical theology. That is not the topic assigned me.
However, I am convinced that all proper theology must give God ultimate glory. As long as American Evangelical theology cannot give God proper glory, it will be doomed to failure. Many American evangelicals give God glory, but mix human ability with that glory and it loses its luster. Until they join their voices with reformed theology and proclaim Soli deo gloria then perhaps their demise should go unlamented.



Text   Richard C. Gamble, Reformed Theological Seminary, Orlando Florida. September 5, 2001.