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1994. 2. 28. St. Louis Á¦ ¸ñ: JOHN CALVINÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¿ø¸®·Î¼ BREVITAS¿Í FACILITAS ¹æ¹ý·Ð (THE METHODOLOGY OF BREVITAS AND FACILITAS AS THE HERMENEUTIC PRINCIPLE OF JOHN CALVIN) ¾È ¸í ÁØ(MYUNG JUN AHN) Á¦ ¸ñ: JOHN CALVINÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¿ø¸®·Î¼ BREVITAS¿Í FACILITAS ¹æ¹ý·Ð (THE METHODOLOGY OF BREVITAS AND FACILITAS AS THE HERMENEUTIC PRINCIPLE OF JOHN CALVIN) ¾È ¸í ÁØ(MYUNG JUN AHN) Â÷ ·Ê I. ßí Öå II. Ä®ºóÀÌÀüÀÇ ú°à·ùÊ A.±³ºÎµé°ú ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ 1.¿À¸®°Õ 2.¾ÏºÎ·Î½º 3.Á¦·Ò 4.¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ 5.·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ B. Á¾±³°³Çõ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ 1. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º 2. ·çÅÍ 3. Âêºù±Û¸® 4. ¸á¶ûÅæ 5. ºÒ¸°Àú 6. ºÎ¼ III. Çؼ®Àڷμ Ä®ºó A. Çؼ®Àڷμ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÈÆ·Ã B. Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ ¹ÌÄ£ ç¯ú 1. Å©¸®¼Ò½ºÅè 2. ¹ß¶ó 3. ºÎµ¥ 4. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º IV. Brevitas¿Í Facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀÇ Û¡î÷ A. Ä®ºóÀÇ Àú¼¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Brevitas ¿Í Facilitas ÀÇ ÞÅéÄ 1. ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä 2. ÆíÁö 3. ¼³±³ 4. ÁÖ¼® 5. De Clementia B. Brevitas ¿Í Facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀÇ Û¡î÷ 1.Ä®ºóÀÇ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ÈÆ·Ã 2. De Clementia 3. Å©¸®¼Ò½ºÅè 4. ¼º°æ C. ÔÑѦ D. Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐÀÇ ÙÍîÜ V. 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LyraÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀº ·çÅ͸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ Á¾±³ °³ÇõÀڵ鿡 °Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸£³×»ó½º´Â Á¾±³ °³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÙþûùîÜ ÛÎÌØÀ» ð«ÍêÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸£³×»ó½º ÈÞ¸Ó´ÏÁòÀº Çï¶ó¿Í ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Í¯îð¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» Ý¥ýé½ÃÄ×´Â µ¥, Ưº°È÷ È޸ӴϽºÆ®µéÀº ÀÌ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ê«îðÀ» Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â Çй®Àû ¹æ¹ýÀ» µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Çï¶ó¾î ½Å¾à ¼º°æ¿¡ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. °³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ Çؼ® ¹æ ¹ýÀ» È޸ӴϽºÆ®µé·Î ºÎÅÍ ¹è¿ö¼ ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¸é ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º´Â Çï¶ó¾î ½Å¾à ¼º°æÀÇ Ã¹ÆÇÀ» ÃâÆÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹® ¹ýÀû ¿ª»çÀû Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®¿ø¸® µéÀ» ½Å¾à¼º°æ (Novum Instrumentum) ÀÇ ¼¹®¿¡¼ ¸»Çߴµ¥, °Å±â¼ ±×°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ °ÍÀº Çؼ®ÀÚ°¡ ê«åÞ¿Í ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÕöÞÈîÜ, ò¢×âùÊîÜ, ±×¸®°í Þäüå îÜ ßÒüÏ°ú ÇÔ²² ¹®¹ýÀûÀÎ »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ º»¹®ÀÇ ÂüµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÑ ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º´Â ¼º°æÀÇ Îçý³îÜÀÎ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í Ô³ÓìîÜ ÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ ¶ÇÇÑ °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý°ú Àú¼µéÀº ¸¹Àº Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚ µéÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ·çÅ͸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ¼º°æÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÈÞ ¸Ó´Ï½ºÆ®µéÀÇ åëåÞùÊîÜ-æ¸ÞÈîÜ ¹æ¹ýÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Åë ÇÏ¿© Áß¼¼±â Çؼ®°¡µéÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Ө﷽ÃÄ×´Ù. °³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ¼º°æÀÇ 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ Çؼ®À» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í ¹®ÀÚÀû Àǹ̸¦ °Á¶Çß´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÀüÅë °ú ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Çؼ®µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í á¡ÌèÀÇ ú°à·íº´Â á¡Ìè ±× í»ô÷°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. Erasmus, Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon, Bullinger, ±×¸®°í Bucer ¸ðµÎ °¡ ¼º°æ¿¡ Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Ä®ºóÀ» Ø»ðë½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï Ä® ºóÀº ´Ù¸¥ °³ÇõÀÚµé°ú °°ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÷×éÄÇÏ´ø ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇßÁö¸¸, Ä®ºóÀº ·Î¸¶¼ ¼¹®¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸ Simoni Grynaeo¿¡°Ô úÌÞöÀ» ¾µ¶§ ÀÚ±âÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¿ø¸®·Î¼ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ±âµ¶±³ Çؼ®»ç¿¡ óÜõó½ÃÄ×´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ½Ã¸ó ±×¸®³×¿ì½º ¿¡°Ô ÀڱⰡ ¿Ö Melanchthon°ú Bucer¸¦ °ÅÀýÇÏ´ÂÁö ±× ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¹àÈù´Ù. Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¿ø¸®¿¡´Â µÎ°¡Áö ŸÀÙÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ù°·Î Ä®ºóÀº ÀϹÝÀû ÀÎ Çؼ® ¿ø¸®·Î¼ ¹®¹ýÀû ¿ª»çÀû ¹æ¹ý(the grammatical-grammatical approach), îêëë(accommodation), ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ×¾õÏ(the analogly of faith), ¼º°æÀÇ ×¾õÏ(the analogy of Scripture), ±×¸®°í ¼º·ÉÀÇ ðÎ Ù¥(the illumination of the Holy Spirit) À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. Ä®ºóÀÇ ÀÌ·± ¿ø¸®µéÀº Chrysostom°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ ¹æ¹ý°ú Ö§áÙàõÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú ´Ù. Ưº°È÷ ºÎµ¥(Bude), ¹ß¶ó(Valla), ±×¸®°í ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º¿Í °°Àº ÈÞ¸Ó´Ï ½ºÆ®µéÀº Ä®ºóÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¼º°æ Çؼ®°¡·Î µÇ´Âµ¥ ̽ïÒîÜÀÎ Ðñõ¨à´ÀÌ µÇ¾ú ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº À̵éÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î Áß¼¼ÀÇ 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ Çؼ®À» ӨﹽÃÅ°°í ¾ð ¾îÇÐÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. µÑ°·Î Ä®ºóÀº ·Î¸¶¼ ¼¹®¿¡¼ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÚ±â ÀÇ Í³êóÇÑ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ÀڱⰡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ» È®½Å ÇÏ¿´°í, ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼º°æ º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡¼ Ä®ºó ÀÌÀüÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÚµéÀ» ¸ÕÀú ÍÅóÌÇÏ°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î Ä®ºóÀÌ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¹è¿üÀ¸¸ç ¶Ç ¾î ¶»°Ô ±×°¡ ÀÚ±âÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¿ø¸®·Î ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´ÂÁö¸¦ Öåì¡Çϸç, ³¡À¸·Î Ä®ºó ÀÇ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ ¾î¶² û¡÷¾¸¦ °®°í Çؼ® ¿ø¸®·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ Á¶»çÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ³ª´Â Ä®ºóÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä¿Í ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼®°ú °í¸°µµ Àü. Èļ ÁÖ¼®°ú °¥¶óµð¾Æ ÁÖ¼®°ú ¿é±â¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³±³¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¼½ÅÀ» ÁÖ·Î ðà ÞÛ ÓßßÚÀ¸·Î Ûôê̸¦ Á¤Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ±ÛÀº ¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ ½ÅÇб³ÀÇ Th.M ³í¹®À» º¸¿ÏÇÑ °ÍÀÓ. C. Gregg Singer, John Calvin : His Roots and Fruits (Greenville: A Press, 1987), pp. 7-19. Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield, Calvin and Augustine (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1956), p. 9. ¿©±â¼ ¿öÇʵå´Â Ä®ºóÀ» ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÀÇ °ÅÀåÀ¸ ·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. "Ä®ºóÀº Ÿ°í³ Çؼ®°¡(a born exegete)·Î¼ º»¹®À» Çؼ®ÇÒ ¶§ ±×ÀÇ ¾ð¾î Áö½ÄÀÇ ¼Ò¾ç°ú ÈƷùÞÀº ±â¼ú¿¡ ¸í¼®ÇÑ Áö¼º, ºñ¹üÇÑ ÁöÀû µ¿Á¤, û³ä °á¹éÇÑ Á¤Á÷, ºñ¹üÇÑ ¿ª»ç°ü, ±×¸®°í »ç»óÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¶Ù¾î³ ÅëÂû·Â À» ÷°¡ ½ÃÄ״µ¥, ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ ½É¿ÀÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇط¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ ¿© Á¶¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î °æÀÌÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼ »õ·Î¿î Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ»- Çö´ëÀûÀÎ Çؼ®- µµÀÔÇß´Ù. ±×´Â 'ÂüµÈ Çؼ®ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚ '(the creator of genuine exegesis)·Î¼- µð½ºÅÚ(Diestel)ÀÌ ¼±¾ðÇÑ °Íó·³- ¼º°æ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¾È¿¡ °ÉÃâÇÏ¿´´Ù." A. Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting the Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), p. 39. ±×´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Ä®ºóÀ» ¼º°æÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ô÷ͧûù ½ÃŲ ½ÅÇÐÀÚ·Î ¼ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â À߸øÀ» ÁöÀûÇÏ¸é¼ ¼º°æ Çؼ®Àڷμ Ä®ºóÀ» ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î °Á¶ÇÑ ´Ù. G. Ernest Wright("The Christian Interpreter as a Biblical Critic: The Relevance of Valid Criticism," Interpretation, 1, 1947, p. 133)´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ Ä® ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®Àº ±âµ¶±³ Çй®¼ºÀÇ õÌÍÔÀÇ åöîàÀ¸·Î¼ ±× ÁöÀ§¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Wright´Â µ¡ºÙ¿©¼ ¾ð±ÞÇϱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» ¿¬±¸Çϸé ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ±× ÁÖ¼®ÀÇ Çй®¼º°ú, °£°áÇÑ ä¢çóàõ°ú, ÷ÓóÌÕôÀÇ ½Å¼±ÇÔ¿¡ ´õ¿í´õ ³î¶ó°Ô µÈ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¿¡ B. S. Childs(Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture, Philadelphia:Fortress, 1979, p. 33, p. 43, p. 44, p. 324, p. 413, p. 420, p. 523, p. 536, p. 659)µµ ±×ÀÇ ±Ûµé¿¡¼ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» ¸¹ÀÌ ÀοëÇÏ°í, Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¾ð±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®ÀÌ è¦×½°¡ ÀüÇô¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÇ ïñÚËàõ°ú ãùð· àõÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Å« µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î Çö´ë ÁÖ¼®µéÀ» Á¶»çÇØ º» ´Ù¸é Ä®ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®ÀÌ ¾öû³ª°Ô ìÚéĵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÔÁíºµé°ú Îçü带 À§ÇÏ¿© ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®Çß´ø ³ë·ÂÀº ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®°ú ÐñÔ½ Îç Ëé©¿¡ ¿©·¯Â÷·Ê ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ ¼³±³ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀº ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±³È¸ ÀÇ È¸ÁßÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽¬¿î Ä£¹ÐÇÑ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ(the familiar style)·Î Àü´ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù. Cf. T. H. L. Parker, Calvin's Preaching (Louisville: Westminster, 1992). pp. 139-149. Thomas D. Parker("The Interpretation of Scripture: A Comparison of Calvin and Luther on Galatians," Interpretation, 17, 1963, p. 71. ÀÌÈķδ The Interpretation of Scripture·Î Ç¥±âÇÔ)´Â Ä®ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®ÀÌ ãùð·îÜ îêéÄ (practical application)ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÇ ÷åó£µé °¡¿îµ¥ ÇϳªÀÓÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. Cf. J. O. Leath, "Department of Exegesis: John Calvin's Method of Interpreting the New Testament," The Methodist Quarterly Review, 78 (1929), p.107. Ä®ºó ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ °üÇÑ ±ÛÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ A. Baumgartner ¿Í A. Tholuck ÀÌÈÄ Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ßÀüµÈ ±ÛµéÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ T. H. L. Parker, Hans Joachim Kraus, Alexandre Ganoczy, T. F. Torrance, David C. Steinmetz, Susan E. Schreiner, Richard C. Gamble, Benjamin Wirt Farley, Anthony G. Baxter, J. P. Newport, John Robert Walchenbach, Paul Garnet, Dean Greer McKee, ±×¸®°í C. M. Ashley µîÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù. Richard. C. Gamble, "Brevitas et facilitas: Toward an Understanding of Calvin's Hermeneutic," Westminster Theological Journal 47 (1985), p. 3. ¿©±â ¼ GambleÀº brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇØ ¸»Çϱ⸦ "Parker, Battles, Kraus, Haroutonian, Warfield, Schaff, Fuhrman, Walchenbach, Julicher µî ¸ðµÎ °¡ ÐñÜâîÜÀ¸·Î ÔÒëòÇÑ´Ù."°í Çß´Ù. À̵é ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡µµ Frederic W. Farrar(History of Interpretaton, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979, p. 344); James Orr("Calvin's Attitude Towards and Exegesis of the Scriptures," in Calvin Memorial Address: Delivered Before the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, Richmond: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1909, p. 98); H. R. Mackintosh( "John Calvin: Expositor and Dogmatist," The Review and Expositor, 7, 1910, p. 186. ±×´Â ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä°¡ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ¼¼úµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º»´Ù.); Irwin Hoch De Long("Calvin as an Interpreter of the Bible," Reformed Church Review, 13, 1909); Dieter Schllong(Calvins Auslegung der Synoptischen Evangelien, Munchen: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1969, p.14); John H. Leith("John Calvin: Theologian of the Bible," Interpretation, 25, 1971, p. 337); John Murray("Introduction," in Institutes of the Christian Religion, by John Calvin, trans. Hennry Beveridge Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981, p. 2); A. Berkeley Mickelsen(±×´Â Interpreting the Bible, p. 40¿¡¼ "Calvin's standards for a commentary were clearness and brevity"), Robert Wierenga("Calvin the Commentator," Reformed Review, 39 ,1978, pp. 4-13); Richard Stauffer, Interpretes de la Bible: Etudes sur les Refomateurs du xvi siecle, Paris: Editions Beauchesne. 1980); David C. Steinmetz("John Calvin on Isaiah 6 : A Problem in the History of Exegesis," Interpretation, 36, 1982, p. 158. ±×´Â ¿©±â¼ ¸»Çϱ⸦ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº Á¾±³ °³ÇõÀÇ ò±îÜ ë¶ß§¿¡ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ÍøúÌÇÑ°Í Áß¿¡ Çϳª¶ó°í Çß´Ù.); Alexandre Ganoxzy und Stefan Scheld(Die Hermeneutik Calvins: Geistesgeschichtleche Voraussetzungen und Grundzuge, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1983, pp. 111-127); ±×¸®°í C. Schwobel("Calvin", in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation ed., R. J. Coggins and J. L. Houlden London: SCM Press, 1990, ÀÌÈķδ CalvinÀ¸·Î Ç¥±âÇÔ) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. GambleÀº brevitas et facilitas¿¡¼ ³íÇϱ⸦ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº John Chrysostom°ú È޸ӴϽºÆ® ±³À°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ¼º°æÀÌ º¸¿©ÁØ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ·Î ºÎÅÍ Ä®ºóÀº ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ïáÓ×àõÀ» È®½ÅÇß´Ù°í Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª GambleÀº ÀÌ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ú·ãýîÜÀÎ é©áȵéÀ» Ä®ºóÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µé¿¡¼ ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¸øÇß ´Ù. brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ïÒëùÇÏ´ÂÁö ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù¸é T. H. L. Parker(Calvin's New Testament Commentaries, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1971, p. 51)Àº brevitas¶õ "Çؼ®ÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ßóâû, àãÙ¥, Öå¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °£°áÇÑ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, facilitas¶õ "½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÇ é»ì¯ÇÔ(smoothness)ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Ó¤âíàõ ȤÀº ½±°Ô ×âú°µÇ´Â °Í"À¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. Jack B. Rogers("Authority and Interpretation of the Bible in the Reformed Tradition," in Major Themes in the Reformed Tradition, ed. Donald K. McKim, Grand Rapids: Eedmans, 1992, p. 56)Àº brevitas´Â "µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» Áö·çÇÏ°ÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ä ÁÖ¼®À» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, facilitas¶õ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÇ Öåî³À» ÇÇÇÏ°í º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ òÁïÈîÜÀ¸·Î °¡´Â°Í"À¸ ·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. McKim (Donald K. McKim, ed., "Calvin's View of Scripture," in Readings in Calvin's Theology Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1984, p. 66)Àº ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼ facilitas¸¦ ´Ü¼ø¼º ȤÀº ½±°Ô ÀÌÇصǴ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸»Çß´Ù. Schwobel(Calvin, p. 100)Àº ÁÖÀåÇϱ⸦ Ä®ºóÀÇ brevitas ¹æ¹ýÀÌ " µ¿ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÇ Òýܪ°ú íåüÕàõ(the verbossity and prolixity)À» °ÅÀýÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº Çؼ®ÀÇ Ù¥ÖüàõÀÌ ÐÆÜâîÜÀ¸·Î ¼º°æÀÇ Ù¥ÖüàõÀ» Úãç¯ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù."°í Çß´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î Ä®ºóÀÇ ¸»À» ðüùêÇÏ¿© Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù¸é brevitas¶õ ±æ°í íåüÕÇÏ°í Û«ÓÞÇÑ Çؼ®À» ÇÇÇÏ°í(ne prolixis commentariis) °¡´ÉÇÑ Âª°í °£·« ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç facilitas¶õ Çؼ®ÀÇ Ó¤âíàõÀ» ãÀ¸·Á´Â ãËÓñ·Î½á Çؼ®½Ã¿¡ äò ØÜÇÑ Á¡À» ð¶ËÛ½ÃÄÑ º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¾Ë±â ½±°Ô(facilitati studeret) µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ¼³ ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. cf. John Calvin, Iohannis Calvini Commentarius in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ed. T. H. L. Parker (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1981), p. 1. ÀúÀÚ´Â º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© brevitas ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î antiprolixity(Úã íåüÕàõ), reduction(õêá³àõ), retention(ÜÁðíàõ), ±×¸®°í relation(μÌõàõ)À» ÇÙ½É ¿ø¸®·Î ã¾Æ³Â°í, facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î antiforcing(Úã Ëé©àõ) antitwisting(Úã èàÍØàõ), antiambiguity(Úã Ù¼ûÕàõ), anticonjecture(Úã åæö´àõ), simplicity(Ó¤âíàõ), suitablity(îêùêàõ)°ú naturalness(í»æÔàõ),±×¸®°í freedom(í»ë¦àõ)À» ñéãý é©áÈ·Î ×µõóÇß´Ù. Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î, Henri de Lubac, Exegese medievale: les quatres sens de l ecriture, 4 vols. (Paris: Aubier, 1959); Robert M. Grant, A Short History of the Interpretation of Bible (New York: Macmillan, 1948); Ceslaus Spicq, Esquisse d une histoire de l exegese Latine au moyen age (Paris: Z. J. Vrin, 1944); Katherine Walsh and Diana Wood, The Bible in the Medieval World: Essays in Memory of Berly Smalley (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985); M. L. W. Laistner, "Antiochene Exegesis in Western Europe During the Middle Ages," Harvard Theological Review (1947): 19-31; Robert E. McNally, "Medieval Exegesis," Theological Studies 22 (1961): 445-454. Wilhem Pauck, ed., Luther: Lectures on Romans (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961), p. xxv. Ibid. Wilhem PauckÀº gloss¿¡ °üÇØ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù: " (±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÌ) 2°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. Áï ú¼Êà ñÉà·(interlinear gloss)°ú Ñíèâ ñÉà·(marginal gloss)ÀÌ´Ù. ú¼Êà ñÉà·Àº ßÓì¶ÇÑ éÄåÞµé°ú, ±×µéÀÇ Öå×âîÜÀΠ֧̿àõ, ±×¸®°í ÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀÇ °¢ ºÎºÐµéÀÇ ßÓû» μÌõàõÀ» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â º»¹®À» ëòæ»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ñíèâ ñÉà·(ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Greek »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ Çؼ®ÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅë°¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ´ëÇ¥Çϴµ¥)Àº ÆäÀÌÁöÀÇ æ®ÛÜ¿¡ º»¹®ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐ À» °£·«ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ³ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍµéÀº ïáøÄÀÖ°í ìãïÒ¹ÞÀº ÁÖ¼®µé¿¡¼ ÚûõþµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î °³ÀÎ ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ßÙá¬ÇÑ àãÙ¥°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸»À» ôÕÊ¥½Ã Ä×´Ù. Cf. P. Hinschius, "Glosses, Biblical and Ecclesiastical," in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. 4, ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977), pp. 494-494; C. O C. Sloane, "Glosses, Biblical," in New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 6 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), p. 516. A. C. George, "Martin Luther's Doctrine of Sanctification with Special Reference to the Formula Simul Iustus et Peccator: A Study in Luther's Lectures on Romans and Galatians" (Ph. D. Diss., Westminster Theological Seminary, 1981), p. 22. Harry Caplan ("The Four Senses of Scriptural Interpretation and the Medieval Theory of Preaching," Speculum 4, 1929, p. 283)Àº 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ ÇØ ¼®¿¡ °üÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. "Àǹ̵éÀÌ 4 °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´Ã¾î³´Ù: (1) ¿ª »çÀû ÀÇ¹Ì È¤Àº ¹®ÀÚÀû ÀÇ¹Ì (sensus historicus or literalis)¶õ ´Ü¾îµéÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ¼³¸íÇϴ°Í; (2) ÎçýºîÜÀÎ ÀǹÌ(senus tropologicus)¶õ ±³ÈÆ°ú µµ´öÀû ãÀïá (the correction of morals)À» ã´Â°Í; (3) dzÀ¯ÀûÀÎ ÀǹÌ(sensus allegoricus)¶õ ¹®ÀÚÀû ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̸¦ ¼³¸íÇϴ°Í; (4) ¿µÀû ÀǹÌ(sesus anagoricus)¶õ ãêÝúîÜÀ¸·Î ȤÀº °øÀûÀ¸·Î(mystically or openly) »ç¿ëµÇ´Âµ¥, µè´ÂÀÚÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ÇÏ ´ÃÀÇ °Íµé(heavenly things)À» ÙùßÌÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÊïÔѹްí ýºÌü¸¦ ¹Þ´Â°Í." ¿¹¸¦µé¾î ÀÌ 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» Çؼ®ÇØ º»´Ù¸é ¹®ÀÚÀû(literal)À¸·Î´Â ÆÈ·¹ ½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀû Ô´ã¼À̸ç, dzÀ¯Àû(allegorical) Àǹ̷δ Îçü带 ÀǹÌÇϸç, µµ´ö Àû(tropological) Àǹ̷δ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÖÄûëÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇϸç, ¿µÀû(anagogical)ÀÎ Àǹ̷δ ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ Ô´àòÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Cf. A. Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting the Bible, p. 35. Comm. on Gal. 4:22, p. 135. Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (Notre Dame: Unversity of Notre Dame Press, 1978), pp. 120-121. Ibid., p. 135. Rashi´Â ÇÁ¶û½ºÌõ À¯´ëÀÎÀ¸·Î È÷ºê¸®¾î ¼º°æ°ú Å»¹«µåÀÇ ÁÖ¼®ÀÇ ´ç´ë ´ë ÇÐÀÚÀÎ ±×´Â åëåÞ¿¡ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¸®°í ¼º°æÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀû Àǹ̿¡ ßÓÚãµÇ´Â ¹Ìµå¶ó½¬ îî÷ÖÀ» °Å ÀýÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. Cf. L. Zunz, "Solomon ben Isaac gennant Raschi," Zeitschrift fur die Wissenschaft des Judentums 1 (1822): 277-384; E. I. J. Rosenthal, "Rashi and the English Bible," Bullentin of the John Rylands Library 24 (1940): 138-67. Ibid., p. 150. Ibid. Ibid., p. 163. Rashi´Â ÀÌ ¿¹¾ðÀÌ ¸Õ ¹Ì·¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡±î¿î ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Thomas AquinasÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀû Çؼ®À» À§ÇÑ Âü°í·Î, Hugh Pope, "St. Thomas as an Interpreter of Holy Scripture," in St. Thomas Aquinas, ed. Aelred Whitacre (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1925), pp. 111-144; Maximino Arias Reyero, Thomas von Aqinas als Exeget: Die Prinzipien Seiner Schriftdeutung und Seine Lehre von Schriftsinnen (Einsiedeln: Johannes Verlag, 1971); Carl A. Raschke, Thomas Aquinas: The Literal Exposition on Job: A Scriptural Commentary Concerning Providence, trans. Anthony Damico (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989); Per Erik Persson, Sacra Docrtina: Reason and Revelation in Aquinas, trans. Ross Mackenzie (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957); Gerhard Ebeling, "Hermeneutik Locus of the Doctrine of God in Peter Lombard and Thomas Aquinas," Journal for Theology and the Church 3 (1967): 70-111; T. F. Torrance, "Scientific Hermeneutics According to St. Thomas Aquinas," Journal of Theological Studies 13 (1962): 259-289; John Franklin Johnson, "Hermeneutics in Thomas Aquinas: An Appraisal and Appreciation," Concordia Theological Quarterly 45 (1981): 223-232. D. A. Hagner, "The New Testament, History, and the Historical-Critical Method," New Tastament Criticism & Interpretation ed. David Alan Black & David S. Dockery (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991), p. 46. Hagner´Â ¾ÆÄû³ª½º°¡ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾°ú ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½ºÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ÞÀº Á¡À» Àß ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù: "He(Aquinas) returned to the distinction between things and signs as in Augustine, but because of his Aristotelianism he preferred 'things' and 'words.' In Scripture, the things designated by words can themselves have the character of a sign. He maintained that the literal sense of Scripture has to do with the sign-character of things. Thus, he was able to demonstrate that the spiritual sense of Scripture was always based on the literal sense and derived from it." Cf. David D. Steinmetz, "The Superiority of Pre-Critical Exegesis," Ex Auditu, 1-2 (1985-86), p. 77. Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, trans. F. R. Larcher (Albany: Magi Books, 1966). ±×´Â " gloss¿¡ µû¸£¸é"À̶õ Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ç¿ëÇߴµ¥, p. 7(1:2), p. 29(1:19), p. 46(2:11), p. 66(3:1), p. 70(3:1) p. 74(3:5), p. 98(3:19), p. 157(5:2), ±×¸®°í p. 188(6:1)¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. Ibid., p. 138. ±×´Â ¾Ë·¹°í¸®¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¹®ÀÚÀû ÀǹÌ, dzÀ¯Àû ÀǹÌ, ±³ÈÆÀû ÀǹÌ, ±×¸®°í ¿µÀû Àǹ̸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù. Ibid., p. 14, p. 137. Ibid., pp. 49-52, pp. 58-66, p. 68, p. 69, p. 73, p. 95, p. 118, pp. 151-153, p. 161, p. 166, p. 169, p. 173, p. 190, p. 198, ±×¸®°í p. 203. Ibid., p. 38, p. 51,±×¸®°í p. 69. Ibid., p. 29, pp. 51-57, p. 68, ±×¸®°í p. 151. Ibid., p. p. 67, p. 96, ±×¸®°í p. 179. Nicholas of LyraÀÇ Çؼ®À» À§ÇÑ Âü°í, James George Kiecker, "The Hermeneutical Principles and Exegetical Methods of Nicholas of Lyra, O. F. M. (CA. 1270-1349)" (Ph. D. diss., Marquette University, 1978), pp. 272-282. ¿© ±â¼ Kiecker´Â ·çÅÍ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ°¡¼ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ LyraÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Cf. David C. Steinmetz, The Superiority of Pre-Critical Exegesis, p. 77. A. S. Wood, "Nicholas of Lyra," in Dictionary of Theology, ed. Sinclair B. Ferguson and David F. Wright (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1988), p. 468. ·çÅÍ´Â ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ °ÀÇ¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢À¸·Î ȤÀº °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾à 47ȸ Á¤µµ Nicholas of Lyra¸¦ ÀοëÇߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ±¸¾àÀ» Ô³ÓìîÜ ÀǹÌÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ¶§ LyraÀÇ ç¯ú À» ¸¹ÀÌ º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ·çÅÍ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ì¤ãáöàëù ±³¸®¿Í ñªÖå¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ¹Ý ´ëÇß´Ù. Larry Chouinard, "The History of Mew Testament Interpretation," in Biblilcal Interpretation: Principles and Practices, eds. F. Furman Kearley, Edward P. Myers, and Timothy D. Hadleyl (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1986), p. 202. Ibid. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¼¾ç ±âµ¶±³ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ÇÑ È¹À» ±ß´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Cf. F. W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, p. 316. ÀÌ Á¡Àº ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ ¾Ë·¹°í¸® Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º°¡ µµ´ö Àû ±³ÈÆ¿¡ °Á¶ÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹¸¦µé¸é ±×ÀÇ Enchiridion¿¡¼ »õ·Î¿î Æò½ÅµµÀÇ °æ°ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. McGrath °¡ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àß ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. "Ers mus´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» Æò½ÅµµµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼º°æÀÇ ¾È³»¼·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ (philosophy of Christ)¸¦ ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ¾Ë°ÔÇÏ´Â ú°àã·Î Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù.ÀÌ Ã¶ÇÐÀº ½ÇÁ¦ ÀûÀ¸·Î µµ´öÀû û¡÷¾¶ó°íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å¾àÀº à¼äÂÀ» ¾Æ´Â ò±ãÛÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ µ¶ÀÚ µéÀÌ ¾ÇÀ» ÇÇÇÏ°í ¼±À» »ç¶ûÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ½Å¾àÀº Å©¸®½ºÃ®ÀÌ â÷ðôÇϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Ûö(lex Christi)ÀÌ´Ù." ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â Å©¸®½ºÃ® º»¹Þ¾Æ¾ßÇÒ ±× ¸ðµ¨(the example)ÀÌ´Ù. Cf. Alister E. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 37. ÀÌ¾î¼ MaGrath´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù: "Yet Erasmus does not understand Christian faith to be a mere external observance of some kind of morality. His characteristically humanist emphasis upon inner religion leads him to suggest that reading of Scripture transforms its reader, giving him a new motivation to love God and his neighbour." ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº °Å´ëÇߴµ¥ ±× Áß¿¡ Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon, Calvin, Bucer, ±×¸®°í Bullinger°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Comm. on Rom. pp. xxv-xxvi. Cf. Ford Lewis Battles, "God Was Accommodating Himself to Human Capacity," Interpretation, 31 (1977):19-38; Clinton Ashley, "John Calvin's Utilization of the Principle of Accommodation and Its Continuing Significance for an Understanding of Biblical Language" (Ph. D. diss. Southwest Baptist Theological Seminary, 1972). Comm. on Gal, 3:27, p. 111. Cf. Daniel A. Tappeiner, "Hermeneutics, the Analogy of Faith and New Testament Sacramental Realism," The Evangelical Quarterly, 49 (1977): 48. Thomas D. Parker, "The Interpretaion of Scripture," p. 68. Ian S. Palmer, "The Authority and Doctrine of Scripture in the Thought of John Calvin," Evangelical Quarterly, 49 (1977): 36. Ä®ºóÀº ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¸»¾¸ÇϽŠ¼º·É´ÔÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Çؼ®ÀÚÀÌ½Ã´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù("The Spirit who has spoken by the prophets is his own exegete." Comm. on 1 John 4:1, p. 88). Cf. Cyris Hee-Suk Moon, "The Spirit as the Interpreter," The Ecumenical Review 39 (1987): 43; James R. Telley, "John Calvin's Views of Revelation and Inspiration of the Scripture" (S. T. M. thesis, Biblical Seminary in New York, 1929), pp. 60-65. À̵éÀÌ Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³íÀÇÇÒ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. Comm. on Rom. p. xxiii. II. Ä®ºóÀÌÀüÀÇ ú°à·ùÊ Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» ´Ù·ç±â Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â Ä®ºóÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±³ºÎµé°ú ·Î ¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³ °³ÇõÀÚµéÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌÇØÇß´ÂÁö ¾Ë ÇÊ¿ä °¡ ÀÖ´Ù. A. ÎçÝ«µé°ú ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ú°à·ùÊ Ä®ºó ÀÌÀü¿¡ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀÇ º»°ÝÀûÀÎ »ç¿ëÀº ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐ ÆÄÀÎ ¿À¸®°ÕÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛµÇ¾î ¾ÏºÎ·Î½º¿Í Á¦·Ò ±×¸®°í ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾À» ÀýÁ¤ À¸·Î À̾îÁ³´Ù. ÁÖ·Î À̵éÀº ¾Ë·¹°í¸® ¹æ¹ý°ú ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼º °æÀ» Çؼ®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áß¼¼ÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐÀº ÀÌ ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ »Ñ¸®¸¦ µÎ°í ¼º°æ Çؼ®Çп¡ Å« ¹ßÀüÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ܨû¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¾Èµð¿Á ÇÐÆÄ ÀÇ Çؼ®Àº µ¥¿Àºô¾î½º(Theophilus of Antioch)·Î ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî Å©¸®¼Ò½º Åè¿¡ ÀýÁ¤À» ÀÌ·ç¾úÁö¸¸ ±×µéÀÇ ÙþÛöîÜ æ¸ÞÈîÜ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀº ³×½ºÅ丮¾î½º (Nestorius) ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¾ç¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© Áß ¼¼¿¡ ͩ㯵ÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ÁÖ·Î ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ ºñÆÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1. ¿À¸®°Õ ¿À¸®°ÕÀº Çï¶ó ÙþùÊ°ú ôÉùÊÀÇ íÀÖùµéÀ» ±×¸®°í ê«åÞ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çй®ÀûÀΠκó̵éÀ» ¼º°æ Çؼ®¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ Ã¹¹ø° À§´ëÇÑ ¼º°æ ÇÐÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡´Â ½Å ÇöóÅæ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÅëÇÑ ÇÊ·ÎÀÇ ¾Ë·¹°í ¸® ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À¸®°ÕÀº ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ De Principiis IV.2.4¿¡ ¼ LXXÀÇ Àá¾ð 22:20,21ÀÇ º»¹®À» ÀÚ±âÀÇ Çؼ® ¿ø¸®·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿© ¼º°æÀ» ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý(tripliciter, LXX s )À¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ̶õ »ìÀü 5:23¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö ¿ä¼ÒÀÎ ¿µ°ú È¥°ú ¸öÀ» °¢°¢ ¼¼°¡ÁöÀÇ Àǹ̷Πº¸´Âµ¥, ¸öÀº ÙþíîÜ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¸®Å°¸ç, È¥Àº Ô³ÓìîÜ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¸®Å°¸ç, ¿µÀ̶õ ¾Ë·¹°í¸®ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¿À¸®°ÕÀº ¹®ÀÚÀû Àǹ̸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¿µÀû ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¹®ÀÚ Àû Àǹ̸¦ ±ÕÇüÀÖ°Ô Çؼ®ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ 3 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀº ÈÄ´ë¿¡ 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú°í ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾°ú Áß¼¼ Çؼ®Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. 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ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÁÖ °üÀûÀÎ »ç»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®ÇÒ ¶§ ¼º°æ ±× ÀÚü°¡ °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÏ ´Â ÂüµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ÆľÇÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ó±â½ÃŲ´Ù. 5. ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ Ä®ºóÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °ÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ» °¡Çß´Ù. ù°·Î ±×°¡ ÁöÀûÇß´ø °ÍÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ À߸øµÈ Îç×⸦ Á¤´çÈ ½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¿Ö°î½ÃÄÑ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ±× ÂüµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ¾ïÁö·Î Çؼ®Çß´ø Á¡À̾ú´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¼º°æÀÇ Ïí êο¡ ÐÆËàÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ºñÆÇÇß´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Åç ¸¯ ±³È¸ÀÇ Çؼ®Àº ¼º°æÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ÑúéÄÇÏ°í ºñÀ̼ºÀûÀ¸·Î º»¹®À» »ó»óÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ºñÆÇÀ» Çß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¸é °íÈÄ 4:17ÀÇ "¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿µ±¤ÀÇ ÁßÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·ç°Ô ÇÔÀÌ´Ï"¶ó´Â ±¸ÀýÀ» ÍíÓì¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© õ±¹À» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ À߸øÀ» ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. °á±¹ ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ±³ ¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®Çß´Ù. µÎ¹ø°·Î Ä®ºóÀÌ ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇÑ °ÍÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÇØ ¼®Àº ¼º°æ º»¹®ÀÇ ÙþØæ°ú μ֤µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çß´Ù. Áï ±×µéÀº Àڱ⠵éÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ Á¤´çÈ ½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¹®¸ÆÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ îî÷Ö¿¡ µû ¶ó¼ ¼º°æÀÇ º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±×¸©µÇ°Ô Çؼ®Çß´Ù. Áß¼¼ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î F. F. Bruce, "Exegesis and Hermeneutics, Biblical," in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 7 (Chicgo:Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1980),pp. 66-67; Henry S. Nash, "Exegesis or Hermeneutics," in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. 4, ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977), pp. 240-241; Walter J. Burghardt, "On Early Christian Exegesis," Theological Studies 11 (1950); 78-116; A Skevington Wood, The Principles of Biblical Interpretation: As Enunciated by Irenaeus, Origen, Augustine, Luther and Calvin (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1967); Samuel Davidson, Saced Hermeneuticda: Developed and Applied Including a History of Biblical Interpretaton from the Earliest of the Fathers to the Reformation (Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1843). Cf. F. Loofs, "Nestorius" in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. 8, pp.123-126. Birger Gerhardsson, "Origen," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, p. 501. ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î H. de Lubac, Histoire et Esprit: L'interlligence de l'Ecriture dapres Origene (Paris: Aubier, 1950); S. Lauchli, "Die Frage nach der Objecktivitat der Exegese des Origenes," Theologische Zeitschrift 10 (1954):165-197; Manlio Simonetti, Lettra E/O Allegoria:Un contributo alla storia dell'esegesi patristica (Roma:Institutum Partisticum Augustinianum, 1985), pp.65-107; Karen Jo Torjesen, Hermeneutical Procedure and Theological Method in Origen's Exegesis (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1986); J. Danielou, Origene (Paris, 1948), pp. 139-190, "Les soruces bibliques de la mystique d'Origene," Revue d'Ascetique et de Mystique 23 (1947); 126-141, "Origene comme exegete de la Bible," Texte und Untersuchungen 63 (1957): 280-290; R. P.C. Hanson, Allegory and Event: A Study of the Sources and Significance of Origen's Interpretation of Scripture (London:SCM, 1959); David Lawton, Faith, Text and History: The Bible in Englaish (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990), pp.16-31; Anthony C. Thiselton, New Horizons in Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992), pp. 167-178; M.F. Wiles, "Origen as Biblical Scholar," in The Cambridge History of the Bible, vol. 1, eds. P.R. Ackroyd and C.F. Evans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 454-489; Frederic W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 187-203; David S. Dockery, Biblical Interpretation Then and Now: Contemporary Hermeneutics in the Light of the Early Church (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992), pp. 87-102. James George Kiecker, "The Hermeneutical Principles and Exegetical Methods of Nicholas of Lyra, O.F.M. (CA. 1270-1349)," p. 240. Cf. ¿À¸®°ÕÀº ½Å ÇöóÅæ ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚÀÎ ¾Ï¸ó´Ï¿ì½º »èÄí½º(Ammonius Saccus)ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¿¬±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. Cf. Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Hersey in Earliest Christianity, ed. Robert Kraft and Gerhard Krodel (Philadephia: Fortress, 1971), p. 59. Origen, De Principiis, IV.2.4. ¿©±â¼ ¿À¸®°ÕÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù."The right way. therefore, as it apperars to us, of aproaching the scriptures and gathering their meaning, is the following, which is extracted from the writings themselves. We find some such rule as this laid down by Solomon in the Proverbs concerning the divine doctrines written therein: 'Do thou pourtray them threefold in counsel and knowledge, that thou mayest answer words of truth to those who question thee."(On first Principles, trans. G. W. Butterworth, Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1973, p. 275) ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ ¹®ÀÚÀû Çؼ®¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Moises Silva, Has the Church Misread the Bible?: The History of Interpretation in the Light of Current Issues (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987), pp. 58-63; Dan G. McCartney, "Literal and Allegorical Interpretation in Origen's Contra Celsum," Westminster Theological Journal 48 (1986): 281-301. Comm. on 2 Cor. 3:6, p. 175. ¾Ë·¹°í¸® Çؼ®À» ¹Ý´ëÇÑ Ä®ºó¿¡ °üÇÑ Âü°í·Î Inst.2.5.19, 3.4.5, Comm. on Gen. 2:8, 21:12, Comm. on Isa. 33:18, Comm. on Jer. 31:24, Comm. on Dan. 8:20-25, 10:6, Harmony of the Evangelists, Mt.5;20, 23;2, Lk. 16:27. Comm. on Gal. 4:22, p. 135. Ibid., p. 135-136. ¾ÏºÎ·Î½ºÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÇ ¿¬±¸·Î Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics: A Treatise on the Interpretation of the Old and New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan 1986), p. 655; Frederic W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 205-6. Cf. Bertrand de Margerie, Introduction a l'historire de l'exegese, vol.2 Les premiers grands exegetes latins (Paris: Les editions du cerf, 1983), pp. 99-143. Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, p. 20. Gerald Bonner, "Augustine as Biblical Scholar," in The Cambridge History of the Bible, p.551. Comm. on 1 Cor. 9:5, p. 293. Com on 2 Cor. 2:5, p. 149. Comm. on 2 Cor. 4:6, pp. 199-200. Á¦·ÒÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» À§ÇÑ Âü°í·Î Bertrand De Margerie, Les Premiers Grands Exegetes Latins, Introduction a l'histoire de l'exegese, vol. 2 (Paris: Les Editions Du Cerf, 1983), pp. 145-179; David S. Dockery, Biblical Interpretation Then and Now: Contemporary Hermeneutics in the Light of the Early Church, pp.129-136; Witt Semple, "St. Jerome as Biblical Translator," Bulletin of the John Rylands University of Library of Manchester, 48 (1965-66): 228-229; Frederic W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 222-234. 1941³â ÀÌÁýÆ®¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ DidymusÀÇ ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ »çº»Àº Á¦·Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» º¸ ¿© ÁØ´Ù. Cf. John Rogerson, Christopher Rowland, and Barnbas Lindars, The Study and Use of the Bible, vol. 2 of the Historr of Christian Theology, ed. Paul Avis, 3 vols (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988), p. 43. Robert M. Grant, A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible, p.96. Ibid., p. 44. A. Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpretating the Bible, p. 33. Comm. on Gal. 2:6, p. 54. ¿©±â¼ Ä®ºóÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù. "Chrysostom and Jerome take a harsher view of the words, as an indirect thretening of the most distinguished apostles. Whatsoever they may be if they swerve from duty, they shall not escape the judgement of God: neither the dignity of their office, nor the estimation of men, shall protect them. But another interpretation appears to me more simple, and more agreeable to Paul's design." Cf. Comm. on 1 Cor. 7:33, 16:22. Comm. on Gal, 2:11, p. 62. Comm. on Gal. 2:11, p. 62. "It was customary with the Greek to give to their participles the signification of nouns, which, every person must see, is applicable to this passge. This will enable us to perceive the absurdity of the interpretation given by Jerome and Chrysostom, who represent the whole transaction as a feigned debate, which the apostles had previously arranged to take place on presence of the people. They are not even supported by the phrase, "I withstood him to the face," , which means that 'to the face,' or 'being present,' Peter was chastised and struck dumb." ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© Bertrand De Margerie, Saint Augustine, vol 3 of Introduction a l'histoire de l'exegese (Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1883); David S. Dockery, Biblical Interpretation Then and Now: Contemporary Hermeneutics in the Light of the Early Church, pp.136-146; Gerald Bonner, "Augustine as Biblical Scholar," The Cambridge History of the Bible, vol. 1 , pp. 541-563; Jack B. Rogers & Donald K. McKim, The authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach, pp.22-34; Robert W. Bernard, "The Rhetoric of God in the Figurative Exegesis of Augustine," in Biblical Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective: Studies in Honor of Karlfried Froehlich on His Sixtieth Birthday, eds. Mark s. Burrows and Paul Rorem (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), pp.88-99; Frederic W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 234-239; Henry Chadwick, "Augustine," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, pp. 65-69. Joseph W. Trigg, Biblical Interpretation (Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1988), p. 43. ¿©±â¼ Trigg´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù. "In the exegesis of Scripture, as in so much else. Augustine summed up the achievements of the Latin Patristic tradition and passed it on to the Medieval church." George Besses, "Saint Augustin dans les oeuvres exegetiques de Jean Calvin," Revue des Etudes 5 (1959): 161-172; Jack B. Rogers & Donald K. McKim, The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach, p. 114. ƯÈ÷ ±×´Â ±¸¾àÀ» ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹ÀÌ Çؼ®Çß´Ù. Cf. The City of God, 15.26, 16.15. Augustine, Confessions, 6.4.6, 5.14.24. Henry Chadwick, "Augustine," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, p. 66. Ibid. Augustine, On Christian Doctrine, 3.12.18, trans. D. W. Robertson, Jr. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), p. 90. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐÀ» ½ÅÇöóÅæÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ü·Ã½ÃÅ°´Â °ßÇصµ ÀÖ´Ù. Cf. Francis Schussler Fiorenza, "Systematic Theology: Task and Methods," in Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic Perspective, ed. Francis Schussler Fiorenza and John P. Galvin, vol. 1 (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991), p. 13. "To Farel, September 1, 1549," in Selected Works of John Calvin: Tracts and Letters, eds. Henry Beveridge and Jules Bonnet, vol. 5 (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1983), p. 247. Cf. CO. 13.374. ¿©±â¼ Ä®ºóÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "You know how reverently I feel toward Augustine, yet I do not conceal the fact that his prolixity is displeasing to me. Still it may be that my brevity is too concise." Cf. CR 49.159, 49.92. Comm. on Rom. 5:5. pp. 193-194, Comm. on Gal. 3:1, p. 79. Comm. on Rom. 8:28, p. 315. CO 9.835. Cf. ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Çؼ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä®ºóÀÇ Åµµ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Comm. on Rom. 4:19, 5:20, 7:7, 8:15, 28, 9:16, 10;2; Com. on 1 Cor. 1;17, 3;2, 4:7, 6:4,7, 7:6, 8:21, 11:27, 14:14; Comm. on 2 Cor. 3:17, 8:21, 12:7. Comm. on 1 Cor. 13:8, p. 425. ¿©±â¼ Ä®ºóÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "Papists pervert this passage, for the purpose of establishing the doctrine which they have contrived, without any authority from Scripture-that the souls of the deceased pray to God on our behalf." Cf. Inst. 4.19.15, Comm. on 1 John 5:21. Comm. on 2 Cor. 4:17, pp. 213-4. Cf. Comm. on 1 Cor. 11:12, 23, 24, Comm. on Gal. 2: 15, 16. ¿¹¸¦µé¸é Ä®ºóÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸°¡ ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ °íÀü 11:2¿¡ ¸»ÇÑ 'ÀüÅëµé'À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» ¼¼¿ì´Â ¼º°æÀÇ ±Ù°Å·Î »ï´Â ¾û¶×ÇÑ ÁÖÀå¿¡ ±× Çؼ®ÀÇ ¹«Áö ¸¦ Æø·ÎÇÑ´Ù. Comm. on 1 Cor. 11:2, pp. 351-2. Comm. on Gal. 2:15, pp. 68-9. ¿©±â¼ Ä®ºóÀÇ ¸»À» ÀοëÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. "As the Papists of the present day are uneasy when we extort from them the acknowledge that men are justified by faith alone, they reluctantly admit that "the works of the law" include those of a moral nature. Many of them, however, by quoting Jerome's gloss, imagine that they have made a good defence; but the context will show that the words relate also to the moral law." 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ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º, ÆĹö, ·çÅ©¸°ÀÇ ¿µÇâ À¸·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ·çÅÍ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¼º°æÀ» ¾ð¾îÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î, ¹®¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. ¼¼¹ø° ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ® ¿ø¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ ñéãýîÜ (Christocentric)À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±×°¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¼º°æÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ·çÅÍ´Â ¸ðµç ¼º°æÀº Ç×»ó ±×¸®½º µµ¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. Ưº°È÷ ±¸¾à Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ·çÅÍ´Â ÀÌ Á¡À» ¸¹ÀÌ °Á¶Çß´Ù. McGrath´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±¸¾à Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ·çÅÍ´Â Lefevre(Faber)¸¦ µû¶ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹®ÀÚÀû ¿ª»çÀû ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¹®ÀÚÀû ¿¹¾ðÀû ÀÇ¹Ì »çÀÌ¿¡ ±¸º°À» Áþ´Â´Ù. ÀüÀÚ´Â À̽º¶ó¿¤ ±¹°¡¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÈ ±¸¾àÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû ÀǹÌÀÌ°í ÈÄ ÀÚ´Â °°Àº º»¹®À» ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ý¾Ö, Á×À½, ±×¸®°í ºÎÈ°À» ¿¹¾ð ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â ÀÌ ±¸º°À» »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±¸¾àÀÇ ±â µ¶·ÐÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´°í Ưº°È÷ ½ÃÆí¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶Ç ¾î °Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Çؼ® ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù. ·çÅÍÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ Çؼ®Àº À²¹ý°ú º¹À½ »çÀÌ¿¡ ϡܬÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù. ·çÅÍ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® Ä®ºóÀº ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ææáÙàõÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. Á¦ÀÓ½º ½º¸¶Æ®´Â Ä® ºó Çؼ®ÀÇ ææáÙàõÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Ä®ºó Çؼ®ÀÇ °¡Àå À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¸éÀº ±×°¡ ¿¹¾ðÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© µé·ÁÁØ ¸»¾¸ °ú ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡¼ ¼ºÀ°ÈµÈ ¸»¾¸ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÂüµÈ ìéöÈàõ(unity) À» ¹ß°ßÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ¿ä, ±×°¡ ±¸¾àÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹é¼º°ú ½Å¾à ±×¸®°í ±³È¸ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹é¼ºµé »çÀÌÀÇ »î¿¡¼ ææáÙàõ(continuity)À» ¹ß°ß ÇÑ Á¡À̾ú´Ù. ³×¹ø° ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀº ãêùÊîÜÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ±×ÀÇ ì¤ãáöà ëù¿Í °°Àº üÇèÀû ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡µµ ±íÀÌ ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÖ¾ú ´Âµ¥ ½ÃÆí °ÀÇ, ·Î¸¶¼ °ÀÇ, ±×¸®°í °¥¶óµð¾Æ¼ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ³ª Ÿ³´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Áö³ªÄ£ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ëºõÏ(the analogy of faith)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çؼ®Àº ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌ·± °Íµé ¶§¹®¿¡ ÁÖ°ü ÀûÀÎ Çؼ®ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µé¿¡ íÑî¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ·çÅÍ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ ¿© ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸ ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ ±³¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸éÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. 3. Âêºù±Û¸® Ulrich Zwingli(1483-1531)ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀº Ãʱ⿡ ±×ÀÇ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ÈÆ ·Ã¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, Èı⿡´Â ¼º°æ°ú Å©¸®½ºÂù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ËÇúÔ ½Å¾ÓÀû ÀÎ ×âú°·Î ºÎÅÍ û¡à÷µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Àü»ý¾Ö µ¿¾È¿¡ ErasmusÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ±× ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀûÀ̸ç Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÇ û¡÷¾¿Í Ү黱îÁö ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ¿¡¶ó½º¹« ½ºÀÇ ½Å¾à ¼º°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °ÇØ ³ëÆ®¿¡¼ ê«Ùþ Ûèæ», ÜâÙþ ÝëøÄ, ±×¸® °í ±³ºÎµéÀÇ ìÚéÄ ¹æ¹ýµî¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. Âêºù±Û¸®ÀÇ ¼º°æ°üÀº ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®°ú Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °ü°è¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼º°æÀÇ ¸í·á¼ºÀº -º»¹®ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ÂüµÈÀǹ̿¡¼ ã¾ÆÁö´Â- °ø½Ä ÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ Çؼ®ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çϸé¼, Áß°³ÀÚ¾øÀÌ ¼º·ÉÀÌ ½Å Àڵ鿡°Ô Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ÁÖÀåÇϱ⸦ ¼º°æÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ÀǹÌ(the natural sense of Scripture)¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ø¾î ¿Í ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºñÀ¯(figrures)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ ¿µÇâ À¸·Î ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÃ³·³ ±× ¿ª½Ã ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ ¾Ë·¹°í¸® Çؼ®À» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÇ õóÛ¡ïÇÀº ¼º°æÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Àû ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ºñ¹®ÀÚÀû Àǹ̸¦ Ï¡ ܬÇÏ´Â °Í(the distinction between the natural and non-literal senses of Scripture)À̾ú´Ù. Erasmusó·³ Zwingli ¿ª½Ã ¼º°æÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÀÇ¹Ì ¸¦ °Á¶Çߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ±¸¾àÀÇ ¸ðµ¨(exemple)À» µ¿ ½Ã´ë¿Í ßÓμµÈ µµ´ö¼º (the contemporary moral relevance)¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×´Â ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ µµ´öÀû Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú ¿µÇâÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¸ç ·çÅÍ¿Í Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº Âêºù±Û¸®ÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯½º·´´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. 4. ¸á¶ûÅæ Çʸ³ ¸á¶ûÅæ(Philip Melanchthon 1497-1560)´Â ±×°¡ ·çÅÍÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̱â Àü¿¡ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º(Aristotle), ½Ã½ê·Î(Cicero), ±×¸®°í ¾Æ±×¸®Äݶó(Rudolf Agricola)·Î ºÎÅÍ »õ·Î¿î áóÞöùÊ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹è¿ü´Ù. ±×·¯ ³ª 1521³âÀÇ ±×ÀÇ Loci Communes´Â ±×°¡ íÀÖù¸¦ ðÚòÄÇϴµ¥ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ö»ç ÇÐÀû ÀüÅëÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ½Ç·Ê¸¦ µç´Ù¸é ±×´Â ÀÚ¿¬¹ýÀ» ¾Æ´Â Áö½Ä¿¡ °üÇÑ ³íÀÇ¿¡¼ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½ºÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ½Ã½ê·ÎÀÇ ÀÇ°ß¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÞÖßÌÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼º °æ¿¡ ÐÆËàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º¿Í ×îܬÇÏ°í µµ´ö º¸ÆíÁÖÀÇ(a moral universalism)¸¦ °ÅÀýÇß´Ù. ¸á¶ûÅæÀº ±×ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î loci ¿ø ¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ loci ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ̶õ ¼º°æÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ±³¸®¿Í °ü°èµÈ º»¹®µé ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ̸ç é©ïÇîÜ(loci)À¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼®À» »ìÆì º»´Ù¸é ¼·Ð¿¡¼ ºÎÅÍ ±×°¡ Loci Communes¿¡¼ ´Ù·ç ¾ú´ø ½ÅÇÐÀû ÁÖÁ¦µé ì¤ãáöàëù, ëÚû³, ×ÈÛö°ú ÜØëåÀÇ ±¸ºÐ, ñª, ¹ÏÀ½, ±× ¸®°í ¼±ÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ³íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÁÖÁ¦µéÀÇ °Á¶´Â ±×ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á÷ Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¼º°æ ÁÖ¼®Àû(exegetical)À̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Îç×âîÜ(doctrinal) ÀÎ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´ø °ÍÀ» ñûËàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ Ä®ºóÀÇ ÇØ ¼®°ú À¯»çÁ¡ÀÌ Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ¸á¶ûÅæÀÌ 4 ÁßÀû ÀǹÌÀÇ Çؼ®À» ¹«½ÃÇÏ°í º»¹®¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÏ°íµµ È®½ÇÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ¼¹®¿¡¼ ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ Çй®¼º°ú ±Ù¸é¼ºÀ» ĪÂùÇßÀ¸ ³ª ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â Âù»ç¸¦ º¸³»Áö ¾Ê°í ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇß ´Ù. ±×°¡ ÁöÀûÇÑ °ÍÀº ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ loci ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó "¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÁÖ¼®À» â ÀÛÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¼º°æÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐÀ» ø¶äñ" ÇÑÁ¡ À̾ú´Ù. ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â Á÷ÀûÁ¢ÀÎ ¼º°æ ÁÖ¼®(exegetical)À̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷ ·Á ±³¸®Àû(doctrinal)À̾ú´Ù. 5. ºÒ¸°Àú Á긮È÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ZwingliÀÇ ÈÄ°èÀÚ ºÒ¸°Àú(Johann Heinrich Bullinger 1504-1575)´Â ÃÊ´ë ±³È¸ ÎçÝ«µéÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¼º°æ ¿¬±¸¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ÔÑѦ¸¦ ºÎ¿© ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Bullinger´Â ¼º°æÀÇ ñéõÒàõ(the centrality of Scripture)À» °Á¶Çϸé¼, ¼º°æÀº ±× ÀÚü°¡ Çؼ®ÀÚ°¡ µÇµµ·Ï ¼º°æÀÇ Çؼ®Àº ¼º°æ ±× ÀÚü¿¡¼¸¸ ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í, »ç¶û°ú ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ Ð®öÎ ÀÇ ò¦ÓôÇÏ¿¡¼(under the direction of the rule of love and faith) ¼º °æÀ» Çؼ®ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¹«¾ù º¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú ±×°¡ ÁÖÀåÇÑ °ÍÀº Çϳª´Ô²² ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷°ú ±×¿¡°Ô ¹«°ü½ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´Ô²² ±× ¸¶À½ÀÌ Çå½ÅµÈ »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÌ ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Çؼ®ÀÚÀÇ çÏàõ(the exegete's spirituality)ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú ´Ù. ±×´Â »ý°¢Çϱ⸦ Çؼ®ÀÚ°¡ ¼º°æÀ» Çؼ®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±× º»¹®ÀÇ ßÒüÏ °ú áóÞöùÊÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹ýÄ¢À» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Bullinger´Â ¼º°æ À» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© "°£°á¼º, ¹®ÀÚÀû ÀǹÌ, ¿ø¾î¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÏ´Â °Í, °í´ëÀÇ ¼º°æÀ» Çö ½Ã´ë¿Í °ü·Ã½ÃÅ°´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í °ú¿À¸¦ ½ÃÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í" µîÀÌ Çؼ®ÀÚÀÇ Ú¸ÓìÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇß´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µé¿¡¼ ºÒ¸° ÀúÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇØ º°·Î ¾ð±ÞÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼®Àº º»¹®À» ½±°Ô ¼³¸íÇÑ Á¡À» ÁÁ°Ô ¿©°å°í, ±×ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇصµ ºñÆÇÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 6. ºÎ¼ ¸¶¸£Æ¾ ºÎ¼(Martin Bucer 1491-1551) ¿ª½Ã ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º¿Í ·¹³ª¿ì½º (Beatus Rhemanus) °°Àº È޸ӴϽºÆ®µé·Î ºÎÅÍ °ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ·çÅÍ ¿¡°Ôµµ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Ưº°È÷ ±×´Â ErasmusÀÇ ÀÛÇ°µéÀ» ó¢ñéîÜÀ¸·Î æÚϼÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼º°æ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Å©°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Bucer´Â Erasmus ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¼º°æÀÇ µµ´öÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡- µ¶ÀÚÀÇ Îýô÷îÜÀÎ ÕöÞÈîÜ ßÒüÏ¿¡ ¼º°æÀÇ º»¹®À» µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î îêéÄÇÏ´Â °Í- Ưº°ÇÑ °Á¶¸¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µµ ´öÀû Çؼ®Àº ºÎ¼°¡ ±¸¾àÀ» ïÈÐÎÇÒ ¶§ Ưº°È÷ Áß¿ä½Ã ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¹æ¹ý À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×´Â ¼º°æ º»¹®ÀÇ ÕöÞÈîÜ Àǹ̸¦ ÖÄîÜÀÎ Àǹ̷Π¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â º»¹®ÀÇ ÕöÞÈîÜ Àǹ̷ΠºÎÅÍ Ô³ÓìîÜÀÎ Àû¿ëÀ» ã±â À§ÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ Çؼ® ÀÇ ¿ø¸®·Î¼ "èâκ(externa)°ú ¿µÀûÀÎ °Í(spiritualia)»çÀÌÀÇ Çؼ®ÀûÀÎ ÓßðÎ(exegetical antitheis)¸¦ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×´Â Âê ºù±Û¸®¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾Ê°Ô Àΰ£ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ ¼º°æÀ» Ëé©ÇÏ°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾Ë·¹°í ¸® Çؼ®À» °ÅÀýÇß´Ù. ºÎ¼´Â ¼º°æ Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸È¶ûÅæó·³ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ ·¹½ºÀÇ loci ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ ºÎ¼ÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ ³Ê¹« íåüÕÇÏ°í ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ Á¡µéÀ» ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ¼º°æÀ» ÇØ ¼®ÇÒ ¶§ íåüÕàõÀÌ µ¶ÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ brevitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ºÎ¼ÀÇ íåüÕàõ¿¡ ¹Ý ´ëÇßÁö¸¸ ½ÃÆí ÁÖ¼®ÀÇ ¼¹®°ú °ø°ü º¹À½¼ÀÇ ¼¹®¿¡¼´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Å© °Ô ĪÂùÇß´Ù. A. E. McGrath, "Reformation," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, p.582. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ ½Å¾à ¼º°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹è°æÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Yamauchi, "Erasmus' Contributions to New Testament Scholarship," Fides et Historia 19 (1989): 6-24. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇÑ Âü°í·Î, Manfred Hoffmann. Erkenntnis und Verwirklichung der wahren Theologie nach Erasmus von Rotterdam (Tubingen: Mohr,1972), pp 39-47, pp. 59-61, pp. 73-88, ±×¸®°í pp. 90-93; Albert Rabil, Jr., Erasmus and the New Testament (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1972); Gerhard B. Winkler, Erasmus von Rotterdam un die Einleitungsschriften zum Neuen Testament: Formale Strukturen und Theologischer Sinn (Munster: Aschendorff, 1974); John William Aldrige, The Hermeneutic of Erasmus (Richmond: John Knox Press, 1966);J. Etienne, "La mediation des Escritures selon Erasme," in Scrinium Erasmianum, ed. J. Coppens (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969), pp. 3-12; John B. Payne, "Toward the Hermeneutics of Erasmus," ibid., pp. 13-49, Erasmus: His Theology of the Sacraments (Peoria: Bratcher, 1970), "Erasmus: Interpreter of Romans," in Sixteenth Century Essays and Studies, ed. Carl S. Meyer (Saint Louis: The Foundation for Reformation Research): 1-35; T. F. Torrance, "The Hermeneutics of Erasmus," in Probing the Reformed Tradition: Historical Studies in Honor of Edward A. Dowey Jr. eds. Elsie Anne McKee and Brian G. Armstrong (Louisville: Westminster, 1989), pp. 48-78. Frederic W.Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 316-322; Ruth Chavasse, "Erasmus," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, pp. 198-200; Andre Godin, "Fonction d'Origene dans la pratique exegetique d'Erasme: Les annotations sur l'epitre aux Romains," in Histoire de l'esegese au XVI siecle (Geneve:Librairie Droz S.A., 1978), pp. 17-44; Charles Bene, "L'exegese des Psaumes chez Erasmus," in Historire de l'esegese au XVI siecle (Geneve: Librairie Droz S.A., 1978), pp. 118-132; Henning Graf Reventlow, "Erasmus," in The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, chapter 2 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985), pp39-48; J. B. Payne, "Toward the Hermeneutics of Erasmus," pp. 18-19. ±×´Â ¹ß¶ó·Î ºÎÅÍ ¾ð¾îÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ¿µÇâ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Cf. Jerry H, Bentley, "Biblical Philology and Christian Humanism: Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus as Scholars of the Gospels," Sixteenth Century Journal 8 (1977):9-28. Ibid. J. B. Payne, p. 17. Ibid., p. 23. ½Ç·¹¸¦ µç´Ù¸é, "letters, apologiae, prefaces and dedications to further editions of the Novum Testamentum(1519, 1522, 127, 1535), and in the Ratio verae theologiae(1518), De libero arbitro(1524), Hyperaspistes(1526, 1527), and Ecclesiastes, sive de ratione concionandi(1523, pub.1535)"(Ruth Chavasse,"Erasmus," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, p. 199) µîµîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. J. B. Payne, p. 26. Ä®ºóÀÌ ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» ºñÆÇÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´Ù·ê ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¡ ¶ó½º¹«½º¿Í Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐÀ» ºñ±³ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î Don H. Compier, "The Independent Pupil: Calvin's Transformation of Erasmus' Theological Hermeneutics," Westminster Theological Journal 54 (1992): 217-233. Ibid., p. 48. ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º°¡ ¿À¸®°ÕÀÇ Çؼ®À» ÃßÁ¾ÇÑ °÷Àº ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ Àß ³ª Ÿ³´Ù. Cf. John B. Payne, "Erasmus on Romans 9:6-24," in The Bible in the Sixteenth Century, ed David C. Steinmetz (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 119-135. T. F. Torrence," The Hermeneutics of Erasmus," p. 63. Cf. ¿¡¶ó½º¹« ½ºÀÇ ¾Ë·¹°í¸® ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© PayneÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "¿¡¶ó½º ¹«½º´Â ¾Ë·¹°í¸®ÀÇ ¸î°¡Áö ¸ñÀûÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù; (1)ºÒ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ½Åºñ¸¦ ¹þ ±â±â À§ÇÏ¿© (2) ¿ì¸®°¡ ½±°Ô ¾ò´Â °Íº¸´Ù´Â ³ë·ÂÇؼ ¾ò±â¸¦ ´õ °¥¸ÁÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ °æ°ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ¿¬½ÀÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© (3) »ó»ó¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±â¾ï¼Ó¿¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ °íÁ¤½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© (4) ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ´Ü°èÀûÀ¸ ·Î ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Áö½Ä¿¡ À̸£°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©"(The the Hermeneutics of Erasmus, p. 39). Ruth Chasvasse," Erasmus," p. 198. Richard B. Gaffin Jr. The Hermeneutics of Geerhardus Vos: Jubilee Conference 1979, excerpts read by the author, Cassette. Philadelphia: Westminster Media, 1979. °ÔÇÉÀº (ed. "Introduction" in Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: the Shorter Writings of Geerhardus Vos, Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1980, p. xvii) ¸»Çϱ⸦ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼º°æ(sola scriptura)À̶ó´Â ¸»Àº ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô Çؼ®Àû(hermeneutical)Àε¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼º°æÀº ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³ ȸÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹Ù¸£°Ô Çؼ®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÁÖÀå¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëÇÏ ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çß´Ù. °ÔÇÉ¿¡ µû¸£¸é ·çÅÍ´Â À̸»À» ¼º°æÀº ¼º°æ ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÇ ÇÏ¿© Çؼ®µÈ´Ù´Â Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¼±¾ð¿¡¼ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Çß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Warren A. Quanbeck, "The Hermeneutical Principles of Luther's Early Exegesis," (Th.D. diss., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1948); Mark Elllingsen, "Luther as Narrative Exegete," The Journal of Religion 63 (1983): 394-413; Raymond F. Surburg, "The Singnificance of Luther's Hermeneutics for the Protestant Reformation," Concordia Theological Monthly 24 (1953): 241-261; Gerhard Ebeling, "The New Hermeneutics and the Early Luther," Theology Today 21 (1964): 34-46; O. Walter, "Scripture as Viewed by Luther and Calvin," Bangalore Theological Forum 7 (1975): 31-36; Ralph W. Doermann, "Luther's Principles of Biblical Interpretation: Can We Still Use Them?" in Interpreting Luther's Legacy, eds. Fred W. Meuser and Stanley D. Schneider (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1969), pp. 14-25; A. Skevinton Wood, Luther's Principles of Biblical Interpretation (London: The Tyndale Press, 1960), "Luther as an Interpreter of Scripture," Christinity Today 24 (1958):7-9; Wilhelem Pauck, ed. Luther: Lectures on Romans (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961), pp. xvii-lxvi; Denis R. Janz, Luther and late Medieval Thomism: A Study in Theological Anthropology (Waterloo: Wilfried Luarier University Press, 1983); Heinrich Bornkamm, Luther and the Old Testament, trans. Eric W, and Ruth C. Gritsch (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1969); James S. Preus, "Old Testament Promissio and Luther's New Hermeneutic," Harvard Theological Review 60 (1967): 145-61; Douglas Carter, "Luther As Exegete," Concordia Theological Monthly 32 (1961):517-521; A.E. McGrath, "Luther," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, pp. 414-416; Frederic W. Farrar, History of Interpretation, pp. 322-341; Endel Kallas, "Martin Luther as Expositor of the Song of Songs," Lutheran Quarterly 2 (1988):323-341; Friedrich Beisser, Claritas scripturae bei Martin Luther (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966); Kurt Aland, "Luther as Exegete," The Expository Times 69 (1957): 45-48; Ruldolf Ficker, "Ut Simplicissme Trctaretis Scripturas: Martin Luther as Interpreter of Scripture," Bangalore Theological Forum 15 (1983): 175-196; Scott H. Hendrix, "Luther Against the Background of the History of Biblical Interpretation," Interpretation 37 (1983). ·çÅÍ´Â Lectures on Romans¿¡¼ ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ÀÇ Çؼ®¿¡ Á»Ã³·³ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀǸ¦ ÇÑ´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â Lectures on Romans¿¡¼ ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ ¹®¹ýÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ ÇßÁö ¸¸(4:1, 9:15, 12:8, 13:3), 5 Àå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿øÁË¿Í °°Àº ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ ¾î¼´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½º°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ ±×ÀÇ µ¶ ¸³¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù(Ibid., p. xlii). ·çÅÍ´Â ±¸¾à º»¹®ÀÇ Àοë°ú ´Ü¾îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ReuchlinÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. Warren A. Quanbeck, "The Hermeneutical Principles of Luther's Early Exegesis," p. 43. LefevreÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡ ´ëÇÑ Âü°í·Î David C. Steinmetz, Reformers in the Wings, chapter 2, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1971), pp.43-52; Philip Edgcumbe Hughes, Lefevre: Pioneer of Ecclesiastical Renewal in France (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,1984), pp. 60-64, "Jacques Lefevre D'Etaples(c. 1455-1536): Calvin's forerunner in France," in Calvinus Reformator: His contribution to Theology, Church and Society (Potchefstrom: Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 1982), pp. 93-108; Guy Bedouelle, "La lecture Christologique du Psautier dans le Quincuplex Psalterium de Lefevre D'Etaples," in Histoire de l'exegese au XVI siecle (Geneve: librairie Droz S.A., 1978), pp. 132-143; Jean-Pierre Massaut, "Histoire et allegorrie dans les evangiles d'apres Lefevre D'Etaples et Clichtove," in Histoire de l'exegesis au XVI siecle, pp. 186-201. Ralph W. Doermann, "Luther's Principles of Biblical Interpretation," in Interpreting Luther's legacy, p. 16. Doermann¿¡ µû¸£¸é ·çÅÍ°¡ ¿Áį À¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ¹è¿î °ÍÀº öÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼ú¾î¸¦ ¸Ö¸®ÇÏ°í ¼º°æ ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ÁÁ ¾ÆÇß´ø °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çß´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â Lectures on Romans¿¡¼ ·ç¶ó¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ȤÀº °£Á¢À¸·Î ¾öû³ª°Ô ¸¹ ÀÌ ÀοëÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ LyraÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ½Ç°¨³ª°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ·çÅÍ´Â ·ç¶óÀÇ µµ´öÀû Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù(p. 127, p. 281) ±×·¯³ª ·çÅÍ ´Â ¹®¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î(Rom. 12:1, p. 325), ¹®¸ÆÀûÀ¸·Î(Rom. 5:6) ȤÀº ¼º°æÀÇ À¯ Ãß ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î(Rom. 6:6), ±×¸®°í ¹ÏÀ½°ú ÁË¿Í À̽ÅĪÀÇ¿Í °°Àº ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ ¿© ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ·ç¶ó Çؼ®ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù(Rom. 1:3-4, 3;5, 5:1). Ibid., Äí¾Èº£Å©´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "Luther made use of Faber's Quincuplex Psalterium in the preparation of his lectures on Psalms. His marginal notes have been preserved and show how industriously and searchingly he sutdied it. His own lectures show how much he learned from Faber, and how great his debt is to him." Ibid. Ibid., p. 47. ¿©±â¼ QuanbeckÀº ·çÅÍ´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀ» È÷ºê¸®¼ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ·Î º¸´Â °Í°ú ±âµ¶·ÐÀû Çؼ®¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÆĹöÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ ¾ú´Ù. ·çÅÍ´Â ·Î¸¶¼ÀÇ °ÇØ(Lectures on Romans)¿¡¼ ÆĹöÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ ¹®¸Æ ¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾ÊÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÑ °÷µµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(Ibid., 3:5) Gerhard Ebeling, "The New Hermeneutics and the Early Luther," p. 40. A. C. George, "Martin Luther's Doctrine of Sanctification with Special Reference to the Formula Simul Iustus et Peccator: A Study in Luther's Lectures on Romans and Galatians," p. 29. Cf. C. Warren Hovland, "Anfechtung in Luther's Biblical Exegesis," in Reformation Studies, ed Franklin H. Littell (Richmond: John Knox, 1962), p.60. Cf. Wilhem Pauck(Luther: Lectures on Romans, pp. xxxii-iii)¿¡¼ "ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ °á°ú´Â ±×°¡ ¿µÀûÀÎ Çؼ®À» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ״µ¥ ±× Çؼ®À̶õ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸ ·Î ÆĹöÀÇ ¹æ¹ý°ú 4 ÁßÀû Çؼ®À» È¥ÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î½á ¹®ÀÚÀû ¿¹¾ðÀû ¼º°æÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°¡ º»¹®ÀÇ Çؼ®À» ÇÒ ¶§ ±³ÈÆÀû ȤÀº µµ´öÀû ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ¿¬ °áµÇ¾ú´Ù." W. Schwarz, "Studies in Luther's Attitude Towards Humanism," Journal of Theloligcal Studies 6 (1955):66-76. ·çÅÍÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼º°æ Çؼ®¿ø¸®¿¡ °üÇØ F. W. Farrar(History of Interpretation, p. 332)´Â 6 °¡Áö·Î ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿´´Ù: "He(Luther) insists (1) on the necessity for grammatical knowledge; (2) on the importance of taking into consideration times, circumstances, and conditins; (3) on the observance of the context; (4) on the need of faith and spiritual illumination; (5) on keeping what he called "the proportion of faith"; and (6) on the reference of all scripture to Christ." ¿¹¸¦µé¸é ·çÅÍ´Â °è½Ã·ÏÀÇ ÁÖ¼®¿¡¼ ÀÌ ¿ø¸®¸¦ Àß º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Cf. Winfried Vogel, "The Eschatological Theology of Martin Luther, Part II: Luther's Exposition of Daniel and Revelation," Andrews University Seminary Studies 25 (1987), p.191. Warren A. Quanbeck, "Biblical Interpretation in Luther's Early Studies," The Lutheran Quarterly 1 (1949), p. 291. Lewis W. Spitz, "Luther's Sola Scriptura," Concordia Theological Monthly 31 (1960): 740-745. ¼º°æÀÇ ¸í·á¼º°ú ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ®ÇÐ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Erling T. Teigen, "The Clarity of Scripture and Hermeneutical Principles in the Lutheran Confessions," Concordia Theological Monthly 46 (1982):147-166. Cf. John Goldingay, "Luther and the Bible," Scottish Journal of Theology, 35, pp. 35-40. H. Smolinsky, "The Bible and Its Exegesis in the Controversies About Reform and Reformation," in Creative Biblical Exegesis: Christian and Jewish Hermeneutics Through the Centuries, eds Benjamin Uffenheimer and Henning Graf Reventhow (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1988), p.124. Paul Althaus, The Theology of Martin Luther, trans. Robert C. Schultz (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1989), pp. 76-7. Jack B. Rogers and Donald K. McKim, The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach, p. 84. David S. Dockery("Martin Luther's Christological Hermeneutics," Grace Theological Journal 4 (1983): 189-203)´Â ·çÅÍÀÇ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Çؼ®»ó ¾àÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª Áß¼¼ ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¾Ë·¹°í¸® ¹æ¹ý°ú 4 ÁßÀû ÀÇ ¹ÌÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÍ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. A. E. McGrath, "Reformation," in A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, p. 584. ·çÅÍÀÇ Çؼ®Çп¡¼ À²¹ý°ú º¹À½ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Gerhard O. Forde, "Law and Gospel in Luther's Hermeneutic," Interpretation, 37 (1983):240-251. Cf. Willem VanGemeren, "Systems of Continuity," in Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments, ed. John S.Feinberg (Westchester: Crossway Books, 1988), pp. 37-62. James D. Smart, The Interpretation of Scripture (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1961), p. 78. ·çÅÍ°¡ Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ °Í¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Thomas F. Torrance, The Hermeneutics of John Calvin (Edinburgh: Scotish Academic Press, 1988), pp. 155-159. CO 15.454, 39.36. Cf. ·çÅÍ¿Í Ä®ºóÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ±³ ¿¬±¸·Î K.V. Warren, "Luther and Calvin on the Doctrine of Scripture," Vox Reformation 40 (1983): 3-35; T. D. Parker, "Interpretation of Scripture", pp. 61-75; Pieter A. Verhoef, "Luther's and Calvin's Exegetical library," Calvin Theological Journal 3 (1968): 5-20; Klass Runia, "The Hermeneutics of the Reformers," Calvin Theological Journal 19 (1984): 121-152; Richard Stauffer, "L'exegese de Genese1/1-3 chez Luther et Calvin," in Interpretes de la Bible: Etudes sur les Reformateus du XVI siecle (Paris: Editions Beauchesne, 1980), pp. 59-85. Âêºù±Û¸®ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Fritz Busser, "Zwingli the Exegete: A Contribution to the 450th Anniversary of the Death of Erasmus," in Probing the Reformed Tradition: Historical Studies in Honor of Edward A. Dowey Jr., eds. Elsie Anne Mckee and Brian G. Armstrong (Louisville: Westminster, 1989), pp. 175-196; Gerald Hobbs, "Exegetical Projects and Problems: A New Look at an Undated Letter from Bucer to Zwingli," in Prophet Pastor Protestant: The Work of Huldrych Zwingli after Five Hundred Years, eds. E.J. Furcha and H. Wayne Pipkin (Allison Park: Pickwick Publications, 1984), 89-107, and "Zwingli and Old Testament," in Huldrych Zwingli 1483-1531: A Legacy of Radical Reform, ed. E.J. Furcha (Montreal: McGill University, 1985), pp. 144-178; Ulrich Gabler, Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work. trans. Ruth C. L. Gritsch (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983), pp. 101-3; W. P. Stephens, The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 51-79. Fritz Busser, "Zwingli th Exegete: A Contribution to the 450th Anniversary of the Death of Erasmus," pp. 191-2. Alister McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation, p. 168. Cf. Adolf Meier, "Zwinglis Ubersetzung des Romerbriefs", Evangelische Theologie 19 (1959), pp. 40-52. William Stacy Johnson and John H. Leith, eds, Reformed Reader: A Sourcebook in Christian Theology. vol. 1, Classical Beginnings, 1519-1799 (Louisville: Westminster Press,1993), p.17. Ibid. Ibid. ÀÌ Á¡Àº Âêºù±Û¸®°¡ LefevreÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÇÁ¸ÇßÀ½À» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. Ibid., p. 169. McGrath´Â ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ °üÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. "Zwingli's development of the Erasmus concept of the tropological sense of Scripture (although Zwingli does not appear to use either this term, or the related term sensus moralis) clearly indicates his moralist concerns, and sets him apart from the young Luther in this crucial respect." CO 39.36. Cf. ãéÜØëÈ, ÎçëùùÊßíÖå( ¼ö¿ø: ÇÕµ¿½ÅÇпø, 1993), 22¸é. ¿©±â¼ ÀÌ Ã¥ ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀοëÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. "±×´Â 'ãêùÊ÷×Öå'(Loci Communes, 1521)À» Àú¼úÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¶Á÷½ÅÇм ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥ Àº ·çÅÍÆÄ ½ÅÇÐÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÑ Ã¥À¸·Î ¼º°æÀÇ ±ÇÀ§, À²¹ý°ú º¹À½, À̽ÅĪÀÇ, ±× ¸®°í »çÁË¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Ã¥Àº »ç»öÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó. ±³À°Àû ÀÌ¾î¼ Á¶¸®ÀÖ°í ¸íÈ®Çϸç ÇмúÀûÀ̱⠺¸´Ù´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡ Ä¡ÁßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÌ Ã³À½ ³ª¿ÔÀ» ¶§¾ÖÀº ¾î°Å½ºÆ¾ ÁÖÀÇ¿ä, ·çÅÍÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏ Ä¡ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª. ÈÄ¿¡ ÆÇÀÌ °ÅµìµÇ¸é¼ ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ »ç»óÀº Úâ Æç¶ó±â¿ì½ºñ«ëù·Î º¯ÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼ ·çÅÍÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ´Þ¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ·çÅÍ¿¡°Ô ½ÅºñÀû ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ¸¹ Àºµ¥ ºñÇØ ¸á¶ûÅæÀº ±âµ¶±³ À±¸®¿¡ Ä¡ÁßÇÏ°í, ƯÈ÷ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ±¸¿ø¹ÞÀº ÀÚÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÇàÀ§¶ó°í °Á¶Çϱâ±îÁö ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ½Å¾ÓÀ» Çϳª´ÔÀÇ »ç¿ªÀ¸·Î º¸ ´Ù´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ »ç¿ªÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿øÀÎÀ» Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸»¾¸, ¼º·É, Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ƯÈ÷ çãïÒ±³¸®¸¦ ¾àȽÃÅ° °í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ °Á¶ÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿¡¶ó½º¹«½ºÀÇ °ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ½À» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×´Â ±âµ¶·Ð°ú ¼ºÂù±³¸®¿¡ À־ Įºó°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ·± Á¡À¸·Î º¸¾Æ ±×ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ÀÔ´çÀº ´Ù¼Ò ·çÅÍ¿Í Ä®ºó Áß°£¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù." P. Melanchthon, "Loci Communes Theologici," in Melanchthon and Bucer, ed. Wilhelm Pauck (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969), p. 50. Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ÁÖ¼® ¼¹®¿¡¼ ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ loci ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Áß ¿äÇÑ À̽´µéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÁÖ¼®ÇÑ ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ·Î¸¶¼ÀÇ Àüü ±¸ÀýÀ» ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ´Ù ·çÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇß´Ù. Âü°í, Philip Melanchthon, Loci Communes, trans. J. A. O. Preus (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1992), ±×¸®°í Commentary on Romans, trans. Fred Kramer (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1992). T. H. L. Parker, Calvin's New Testament Commentary on Romans, p. 35. Ralph A. Bohlmann, Principles of Biblical Interpretation in the Lutheran Confessions (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1983), p. 83. John Robert Walchenbach, "John Calvin as Biblical Commentator: An Investigation into Calvin's Use of John Chrysostom as an Exegetical Tutor," (Ph. D. diss. University of Pittsburg, 1974), p. 161. ¸á¶ûÅæÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î John R. Schneider, Philip Melanchthon's Rhetorical Construal of Biblical Authority: Oratio Sacra (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990); Rolf Schafer "Melanchthons Hermeneutik im Romerbrief-Kommentar von 1532," Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche 60 (1963): 216-235; Robert D. Preus, "Melanchthon the Theologian," Concordia Theological Monthly 31 (1960): 469-475; Peter F. Barton, "Die Exegetisch Arbeit des Jungen Melanchthon 1518/19 bis 1528/29: Probleme und Ansatze," Archive fur Reformationsgeschichte 54 (1963): 53-89. ¼º°æÀÇ À¯Ãß(the analogy of Scripture)ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ·çÅÍÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀº µíÇÏ´Ù. Cf. William Stacy Johnson and John H. Leith,eds, Reformed Reader: A Sourcebook in Christian Theology, p. 22. "Scripture exposition. in order to be valid, must be catholic, charitable, sensitive both to the immediate context and to the whole content of scripture (i.e., allowing scripture to interpret scripture), and guided by the Holy Spirit." T.H.L. Parker, Commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans(1532-1542), p. 18. Cf. ºÒ¸µ°ÅÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Susi Hausammann, Romerbriefauslegung zwischen Humanismus und Reformation:Eine Studie zu Heinrich Bullingers Romerbriefvorlesung von 1525(Zurich:Zwingli Verlag, 1970); Istvan Tokes, "Bullingers Hermeneuische Lehre," in Heinrich Bullinger 1504-1575:Gesammelte Aufsatze zum 400 Todestag, eds.Ulrich Gabler und Erland Herkenrath (Zurich: Theologischer Verlag Zurich, 1975), pp.161-189; Ernst Koch, "Paulusexegesis und bundestheogie. Bullingers Auslegung von Gal. 3, 17-26," in Histoire de l'exegese au XVIe siecle, pp. 342-350. Ibid. ±×ÀÇ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ýÀÇ °³¿ä´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®µéÀÇ ¼¹®µé°ú Ratio studiorum ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. Ibid., p. 19. Ibid., p. 21. Parker´Â BullingerÀÇ °£°á¼º(brevity)¿¡ ´ëÇØ 20 ÆäÀÌÁö ¿¡¼ BullingerÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÀοëÇß´Ù. Parker´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦ BullingerÀÇ ·Î¸¶¼ ¼¹®Àº ±×ÀÇ ¼¼ú ¹æ¹ý(modus scribendi)À» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¸é¼ ´ÙÀ½ °ú °°ÀÌ ÀοëÇÑ´Ù. " ù°·Î, ³ª´Â ¸ðµç ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °£°á¼º(brevity)À» À§ ÇÏ¿© ³ë·Â Çß¾ú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÚÁÖ ¹æ´ëÇÏ°Ô ½á¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ¶§µµ ³ª´Â Àû±ØÀûÀ¸ ·Î °£°á¼ºÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â ¼º°æÀ» Àбâ À§ÇÏ¿© µ¶ÀÚµéÀÌ ³ªÀÇ Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ºÎ´ã¹Þ°í, º¹ÀâÇØÁö°í, »ç·Î ºÙÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ±â¸¦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù." ±×·¯³ª Gamble("Calvin as Theologian and Exegete: Is There Anything New?" Westminster Theological Journal 23 (1988, p. 191)Àº º¸¿© Áֱ⸦ Fritz Busseró·³ Parkerµµ Ä®ºó°ú ºÒ¸°Àú °£¿¡´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ó¬ì¶ïÇÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ð«äÐÇß´Ù. ÀúÀÚÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡´Â Bullinger°¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ Çؼ®À» °£°áÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÑ Á¡¿¡ À־ Įºó°ú ×¾ÞÄÇÏÁö¸¸ °ú¿¬ Bullinger°¡ Ä®ºóó ·³ brevitas¿Í facilitas ¹æ¹ýÀ» Çؼ®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇß´ÂÁö´Â ¹Ï±â ¾î·Æ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº °íÀü 16;22¿¡¼ ºÒ¸°ÀúÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀοëÇÑ´Ù. T.H.L. Parker(Calvin's New Testament Commentaries, p. 52)¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¾Æ¸¶µµ Ä® ºóÀº ºÒ¸°Àú¿Í ¿ø¸®»ó ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸È¶ûÅæ°ú ºÎ¼¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ±× µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇÏÁö¸¸ ºÒ¸°Àú¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. Comm. on Rom, p. xxv. William J. Bouwsma(John Calvin: A Sixteenth Century Portrait, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 119)´Â Ä®ºóÀÌ ºÒ¸°ÀúÀÇ Çؼ®À» ÀåȲÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖ Çß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ä®ºó Àº ºÒ¸°Àú°¡ º»¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ½±°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¼®ÇÑ °Í ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¶÷µé·Î ºÎÅÍ ÄªÂùÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ·Î¸¶¼ ¼¹®¿¡¼ ¹àÈù´Ù. ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© William Edgar±³ ¼ö´Â Ä®ºóÀÌ ºÒ¸°ÀúÀÇ Çؼ®ÀÌ ÀåȲÇÏ´Ù°í ºñÆÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» óÀ½À¸·Î ¹à Çû´Ù. ºÎ¼ÀÇ ¼º°æ Çؼ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î Johannes Muller, Martin Bucers Hermeneutik (Heidelberg: Gutersloher, 1965), pp. 142-50; R. Gerald Hobbs, "How Firm a Foundation: Martin Bucer's Historical Exegesis of the Psalms," Church History 53 (1984): 477-91, "Martin Bucer on Psalm 22: A Study in the Application of Rabbinic Exegesis by a Christian Hebraist," in Histoire de l'exegese au XVE siecle, pp. 144-163: 477-91; Hasting Eells, Martin Bucer (New York: Russel & Russell, 1931), pp. 65-9; Irena Backus, Martini Buceri Opera Latina (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988); Henning Graf Reventlow, "Martin Bucer," in The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World, Chapter 4, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985), pp. 73-87; W. P. Stephens, The Holy Spirit in the Theology of Martin Bucer (Cambridge: The University press, 1970), pp. 142-155; Constantin Hopf, Martin Bucer and the English Reformation (Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp.205-250; Bard Thompson, "Bucer Study Since 1918," Church History 25 (1956): 63-82; August Lang, Der evangelienkommentar Martin Butzers un die grundzuge seiner theologie (Leipzig: Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1972), pp12-48. Alister McGrath, The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation, p. 53. Alister McGrath, "Reformation to Enlightenment," in The History of Christian Theology, vol.1, The Science of Theology, ed. Paul Avis (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), p. 124. ¿©±â¼ ¸Æ±×·¡½º´Â ºÎ¼°¡ ½ºÅä ¾Æ Á¾±³ÀÇ À±¸®ÀûÀÎ º»ÁúÀ» ³ôÀº ¹Ì´öÀ¸·Î °Á¶Çß´Ù°í Çß´Ù. Ibid. Comm. on Rom. p. xxvi. |